Cross-domain sequential recommendation is an important development direction of recommender systems. It combines the characteristics of sequential recommender systems and cross-domain recommender systems, which can capture the dynamic preferences of users and alleviate the problem of cold-start users. However, in recent years, people pay more and more attention to their privacy. They do not want other people to know what they just bought, what videos they just watched, and where they just came from. How to protect the users' privacy has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, we propose a novel privacy-preserving cross-domain sequential recommender system (PriCDSR), which can provide users with recommendation services while preserving their privacy at the same time. Specifically, we define a new differential privacy on the data, taking into account both the ID information and the order information. Then, we design a random mechanism that satisfies this differential privacy and provide its theoretical proof. Our PriCDSR is a non-invasive method that can adopt any cross-domain sequential recommender system as a base model without any modification to it. To the best of our knowledge, our PriCDSR is the first work to investigate privacy issues in cross-domain sequential recommender systems. We conduct experiments on three domains, and the results demonstrate that our PriCDSR, despite introducing noise, still outperforms recommender systems that only use data from a single domain.
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推薦系統，是指根據用戶的習慣、偏好或興趣，從不斷到來的大規模信息中識別滿足用戶興趣的信息的過程。推薦推薦任務中的信息往往稱為物品(Item)。根據具體應用背景的不同，這些物品可以是新聞、電影、音樂、廣告、商品等各種對象。推薦系統利用電子商務網站向客戶提供商品信息和建議，幫助用戶決定應該購買什么產品，模擬銷售人員幫助客戶完成購買過程。個性化推薦是根據用戶的興趣特點和購買行為，向用戶推薦用戶感興趣的信息和商品。隨著電子商務規模的不斷擴大，商品個數和種類快速增長，顧客需要花費大量的時間才能找到自己想買的商品。這種瀏覽大量無關的信息和產品過程無疑會使淹沒在信息過載問題中的消費者不斷流失。為了解決這些問題，個性化推薦系統應運而生。個性化推薦系統是建立在海量數據挖掘基礎上的一種高級商務智能平臺，以幫助電子商務網站為其顧客購物提供完全個性化的決策支持和信息服務。
Most inverse problems from physical sciences are formulated as PDE-constrained optimization problems. This involves identifying unknown parameters in equations by optimizing the model to generate PDE solutions that closely match measured data. The formulation is powerful and widely used in many sciences and engineering fields. However, one crucial assumption is that the unknown parameter must be deterministic. In reality, however, many problems are stochastic in nature, and the unknown parameter is random. The challenge then becomes recovering the full distribution of this unknown random parameter. It is a much more complex task. In this paper, we examine this problem in a general setting. In particular, we conceptualize the PDE solver as a push-forward map that pushes the parameter distribution to the generated data distribution. This way, the SDE-constrained optimization translates to minimizing the distance between the generated distribution and the measurement distribution. We then formulate a gradient-flow equation to seek the ground-truth parameter probability distribution. This opens up a new paradigm for extending many techniques in PDE-constrained optimization to that for systems with stochasticity.
Broadly, the goal when clustering data is to separate observations into meaningful subgroups. The rich variety of methods for clustering reflects the fact that the relevant notion of meaningful clusters varies across applications. The classical Bayesian approach clusters observations by their association with components of a mixture model; the choice in class of components allows flexibility to capture a range of meaningful cluster notions. However, in practice the range is somewhat limited as difficulties with computation and cluster identifiability arise as components are made more flexible. Instead of mixture component attribution, we consider clusterings that are functions of the data and the density $f$, which allows us to separate flexible density estimation from clustering. Within this framework, we develop a method to cluster data into connected components of a level set of $f$. Under mild conditions, we establish that our Bayesian level-set (BALLET) clustering methodology yields consistent estimates, and we highlight its performance in a variety of toy and simulated data examples. Finally, through an application to astronomical data we show the method performs favorably relative to the popular level-set clustering algorithm DBSCAN in terms of accuracy, insensitivity to tuning parameters, and quantification of uncertainty.
The development of autonomous agents which can interact with other agents to accomplish a given task is a core area of research in artificial intelligence and machine learning. Towards this goal, the Autonomous Agents Research Group develops novel machine learning algorithms for autonomous systems control, with a specific focus on deep reinforcement learning and multi-agent reinforcement learning. Research problems include scalable learning of coordinated agent policies and inter-agent communication; reasoning about the behaviours, goals, and composition of other agents from limited observations; and sample-efficient learning based on intrinsic motivation, curriculum learning, causal inference, and representation learning. This article provides a broad overview of the ongoing research portfolio of the group and discusses open problems for future directions.
Federated Learning (FL) is a decentralized machine-learning paradigm, in which a global server iteratively averages the model parameters of local users without accessing their data. User heterogeneity has imposed significant challenges to FL, which can incur drifted global models that are slow to converge. Knowledge Distillation has recently emerged to tackle this issue, by refining the server model using aggregated knowledge from heterogeneous users, other than directly averaging their model parameters. This approach, however, depends on a proxy dataset, making it impractical unless such a prerequisite is satisfied. Moreover, the ensemble knowledge is not fully utilized to guide local model learning, which may in turn affect the quality of the aggregated model. Inspired by the prior art, we propose a data-free knowledge distillation} approach to address heterogeneous FL, where the server learns a lightweight generator to ensemble user information in a data-free manner, which is then broadcasted to users, regulating local training using the learned knowledge as an inductive bias. Empirical studies powered by theoretical implications show that, our approach facilitates FL with better generalization performance using fewer communication rounds, compared with the state-of-the-art.
In semi-supervised domain adaptation, a few labeled samples per class in the target domain guide features of the remaining target samples to aggregate around them. However, the trained model cannot produce a highly discriminative feature representation for the target domain because the training data is dominated by labeled samples from the source domain. This could lead to disconnection between the labeled and unlabeled target samples as well as misalignment between unlabeled target samples and the source domain. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called Cross-domain Adaptive Clustering to address this problem. To achieve both inter-domain and intra-domain adaptation, we first introduce an adversarial adaptive clustering loss to group features of unlabeled target data into clusters and perform cluster-wise feature alignment across the source and target domains. We further apply pseudo labeling to unlabeled samples in the target domain and retain pseudo-labels with high confidence. Pseudo labeling expands the number of ``labeled" samples in each class in the target domain, and thus produces a more robust and powerful cluster core for each class to facilitate adversarial learning. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets, including DomainNet, Office-Home and Office, demonstrate that our proposed approach achieves the state-of-the-art performance in semi-supervised domain adaptation.
Leveraging datasets available to learn a model with high generalization ability to unseen domains is important for computer vision, especially when the unseen domain's annotated data are unavailable. We study a novel and practical problem of Open Domain Generalization (OpenDG), which learns from different source domains to achieve high performance on an unknown target domain, where the distributions and label sets of each individual source domain and the target domain can be different. The problem can be generally applied to diverse source domains and widely applicable to real-world applications. We propose a Domain-Augmented Meta-Learning framework to learn open-domain generalizable representations. We augment domains on both feature-level by a new Dirichlet mixup and label-level by distilled soft-labeling, which complements each domain with missing classes and other domain knowledge. We conduct meta-learning over domains by designing new meta-learning tasks and losses to preserve domain unique knowledge and generalize knowledge across domains simultaneously. Experiment results on various multi-domain datasets demonstrate that the proposed Domain-Augmented Meta-Learning (DAML) outperforms prior methods for unseen domain recognition.
Invariant approaches have been remarkably successful in tackling the problem of domain generalization, where the objective is to perform inference on data distributions different from those used in training. In our work, we investigate whether it is possible to leverage domain information from the unseen test samples themselves. We propose a domain-adaptive approach consisting of two steps: a) we first learn a discriminative domain embedding from unsupervised training examples, and b) use this domain embedding as supplementary information to build a domain-adaptive model, that takes both the input as well as its domain into account while making predictions. For unseen domains, our method simply uses few unlabelled test examples to construct the domain embedding. This enables adaptive classification on any unseen domain. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on various domain generalization benchmarks. In addition, we introduce the first real-world, large-scale domain generalization benchmark, Geo-YFCC, containing 1.1M samples over 40 training, 7 validation, and 15 test domains, orders of magnitude larger than prior work. We show that the existing approaches either do not scale to this dataset or underperform compared to the simple baseline of training a model on the union of data from all training domains. In contrast, our approach achieves a significant improvement.
Social relations are often used to improve recommendation quality when user-item interaction data is sparse in recommender systems. Most existing social recommendation models exploit pairwise relations to mine potential user preferences. However, real-life interactions among users are very complicated and user relations can be high-order. Hypergraph provides a natural way to model complex high-order relations, while its potentials for improving social recommendation are under-explored. In this paper, we fill this gap and propose a multi-channel hypergraph convolutional network to enhance social recommendation by leveraging high-order user relations. Technically, each channel in the network encodes a hypergraph that depicts a common high-order user relation pattern via hypergraph convolution. By aggregating the embeddings learned through multiple channels, we obtain comprehensive user representations to generate recommendation results. However, the aggregation operation might also obscure the inherent characteristics of different types of high-order connectivity information. To compensate for the aggregating loss, we innovatively integrate self-supervised learning into the training of the hypergraph convolutional network to regain the connectivity information with hierarchical mutual information maximization. The experimental results on multiple real-world datasets show that the proposed model outperforms the SOTA methods, and the ablation study verifies the effectiveness of the multi-channel setting and the self-supervised task. The implementation of our model is available via //github.com/Coder-Yu/RecQ.
Image-to-image translation aims to learn the mapping between two visual domains. There are two main challenges for many applications: 1) the lack of aligned training pairs and 2) multiple possible outputs from a single input image. In this work, we present an approach based on disentangled representation for producing diverse outputs without paired training images. To achieve diversity, we propose to embed images onto two spaces: a domain-invariant content space capturing shared information across domains and a domain-specific attribute space. Our model takes the encoded content features extracted from a given input and the attribute vectors sampled from the attribute space to produce diverse outputs at test time. To handle unpaired training data, we introduce a novel cross-cycle consistency loss based on disentangled representations. Qualitative results show that our model can generate diverse and realistic images on a wide range of tasks without paired training data. For quantitative comparisons, we measure realism with user study and diversity with a perceptual distance metric. We apply the proposed model to domain adaptation and show competitive performance when compared to the state-of-the-art on the MNIST-M and the LineMod datasets.
Multi-relation Question Answering is a challenging task, due to the requirement of elaborated analysis on questions and reasoning over multiple fact triples in knowledge base. In this paper, we present a novel model called Interpretable Reasoning Network that employs an interpretable, hop-by-hop reasoning process for question answering. The model dynamically decides which part of an input question should be analyzed at each hop; predicts a relation that corresponds to the current parsed results; utilizes the predicted relation to update the question representation and the state of the reasoning process; and then drives the next-hop reasoning. Experiments show that our model yields state-of-the-art results on two datasets. More interestingly, the model can offer traceable and observable intermediate predictions for reasoning analysis and failure diagnosis, thereby allowing manual manipulation in predicting the final answer.
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