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Adapting pre-trained language models (PLMs) for time-series text classification amidst evolving domain shifts (EDS) is critical for maintaining accuracy in applications like stance detection. This study benchmarks the effectiveness of evolving domain adaptation (EDA) strategies, notably self-training, domain-adversarial training, and domain-adaptive pretraining, with a focus on an incremental self-training method. Our analysis across various datasets reveals that this incremental method excels at adapting PLMs to EDS, outperforming traditional domain adaptation techniques. These findings highlight the importance of continually updating PLMs to ensure their effectiveness in real-world applications, paving the way for future research into PLM robustness against the natural temporal evolution of language.

Graphical continuous Lyapunov models offer a new perspective on modeling causally interpretable dependence structure in multivariate data by treating each independent observation as a one-time cross-sectional snapshot of a temporal process. Specifically, the models assume that the observations are cross-sections of independent multivariate Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes in equilibrium. The Gaussian equilibrium exists under a stability assumption on the drift matrix, and the equilibrium covariance matrix is determined by the continuous Lyapunov equation. Each graphical continuous Lyapunov model assumes the drift matrix to be sparse, with a support determined by a directed graph. A natural approach to model selection in this setting is to use an $\ell_1$-regularization technique that, based on a given sample covariance matrix, seeks to find a sparse approximate solution to the Lyapunov equation. We study the model selection properties of the resulting lasso technique to arrive at a consistency result. Our detailed analysis reveals that the involved irrepresentability condition is surprisingly difficult to satisfy. While this may prevent asymptotic consistency in model selection, our numerical experiments indicate that even if the theoretical requirements for consistency are not met, the lasso approach is able to recover relevant structure of the drift matrix and is robust to aspects of model misspecification.

Job scheduling in cloud computing environments is a critical yet complex problem. Cloud computing user job requirements are highly dynamic and uncertain, while cloud computing resources are heterogeneous and constrained. This paper studies the online resource allocation problem for elastic computing jobs with soft deadlines in cloud computing environments. The main contributions include: 1) Integer linear programming modeling is used to design an auction time scheduling framework with three key modules - resource allocation, evaluation, and operation, which can dynamically allocate resources in closed loops. 2) Methods such as time-based single resource utilization evaluation and weighted average evaluation are proposed to evaluate resource usage efficiency. 3) Soft acceptance protocols are introduced to achieve elastic online resource allocation. 4) The time complexity of the proposed algorithms is analyzed and proven to be polynomial time, demonstrating efficiency. 5) Modular design makes the framework extensible. This paper provides a structured cloud computing auction framework as a reference for building practical cloud resource management systems. Future work may explore more complex models of random arrival and multi-dimensional resource constraints, evaluate algorithm performance on real cloud workloads, and further enhance system robustness, efficiency and fairness.

We propose a novel resource efficient analog over-the-air (OTA) computation framework to address the demanding requirements of the uplink (UL) fronthaul between the access points (APs) and the central processing unit (CPU) in cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We discuss the drawbacks of the wired and wireless fronthaul solutions, and show that our proposed mechanism is efficient and scalable as the number of APs increases. We present the transmit precoding and two-phase power assignment strategies at the APs to coherently combine the signals OTA in a spectrally efficient manner. We derive the statistics of the APs locally available signals which enable us to to obtain the analytical expressions for the Bayesian and classical estimators of the OTA combined signals. We empirically evaluate the normalized mean square error (NMSE), symbol error rate (SER), and the coded bit error rate (BER) of our developed solution and benchmark against the state-of-the-art wired fronthaul based system

Recent advances in whole-slide image (WSI) scanners and computational capabilities have significantly propelled the application of artificial intelligence in histopathology slide analysis. While these strides are promising, current supervised learning approaches for WSI analysis come with the challenge of exhaustively labeling high-resolution slides - a process that is both labor-intensive and time-consuming. In contrast, self-supervised learning (SSL) pretraining strategies are emerging as a viable alternative, given that they don't rely on explicit data annotations. These SSL strategies are quickly bridging the performance disparity with their supervised counterparts. In this context, we introduce an SSL framework. This framework aims for transferable representation learning and semantically meaningful clustering by synergizing invariance loss and clustering loss in WSI analysis. Notably, our approach outperforms common SSL methods in downstream classification and clustering tasks, as evidenced by tests on the Camelyon16 and a pancreatic cancer dataset.

This study addresses a gap in the utilization of Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques in solving the Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem (SVRP) that involves the challenging task of optimizing vehicle routes under uncertain conditions. We propose a novel end-to-end framework that comprehensively addresses the key sources of stochasticity in SVRP and utilizes an RL agent with a simple yet effective architecture and a tailored training method. Through comparative analysis, our proposed model demonstrates superior performance compared to a widely adopted state-of-the-art metaheuristic, achieving a significant 3.43% reduction in travel costs. Furthermore, the model exhibits robustness across diverse SVRP settings, highlighting its adaptability and ability to learn optimal routing strategies in varying environments. The publicly available implementation of our framework serves as a valuable resource for future research endeavors aimed at advancing RL-based solutions for SVRP.

With the extremely rapid advances in remote sensing (RS) technology, a great quantity of Earth observation (EO) data featuring considerable and complicated heterogeneity is readily available nowadays, which renders researchers an opportunity to tackle current geoscience applications in a fresh way. With the joint utilization of EO data, much research on multimodal RS data fusion has made tremendous progress in recent years, yet these developed traditional algorithms inevitably meet the performance bottleneck due to the lack of the ability to comprehensively analyse and interpret these strongly heterogeneous data. Hence, this non-negligible limitation further arouses an intense demand for an alternative tool with powerful processing competence. Deep learning (DL), as a cutting-edge technology, has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs in numerous computer vision tasks owing to its impressive ability in data representation and reconstruction. Naturally, it has been successfully applied to the field of multimodal RS data fusion, yielding great improvement compared with traditional methods. This survey aims to present a systematic overview in DL-based multimodal RS data fusion. More specifically, some essential knowledge about this topic is first given. Subsequently, a literature survey is conducted to analyse the trends of this field. Some prevalent sub-fields in the multimodal RS data fusion are then reviewed in terms of the to-be-fused data modalities, i.e., spatiospectral, spatiotemporal, light detection and ranging-optical, synthetic aperture radar-optical, and RS-Geospatial Big Data fusion. Furthermore, We collect and summarize some valuable resources for the sake of the development in multimodal RS data fusion. Finally, the remaining challenges and potential future directions are highlighted.

As soon as abstract mathematical computations were adapted to computation on digital computers, the problem of efficient representation, manipulation, and communication of the numerical values in those computations arose. Strongly related to the problem of numerical representation is the problem of quantization: in what manner should a set of continuous real-valued numbers be distributed over a fixed discrete set of numbers to minimize the number of bits required and also to maximize the accuracy of the attendant computations? This perennial problem of quantization is particularly relevant whenever memory and/or computational resources are severely restricted, and it has come to the forefront in recent years due to the remarkable performance of Neural Network models in computer vision, natural language processing, and related areas. Moving from floating-point representations to low-precision fixed integer values represented in four bits or less holds the potential to reduce the memory footprint and latency by a factor of 16x; and, in fact, reductions of 4x to 8x are often realized in practice in these applications. Thus, it is not surprising that quantization has emerged recently as an important and very active sub-area of research in the efficient implementation of computations associated with Neural Networks. In this article, we survey approaches to the problem of quantizing the numerical values in deep Neural Network computations, covering the advantages/disadvantages of current methods. With this survey and its organization, we hope to have presented a useful snapshot of the current research in quantization for Neural Networks and to have given an intelligent organization to ease the evaluation of future research in this area.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been found to be vulnerable to adversarial examples resulting from adding small-magnitude perturbations to inputs. Such adversarial examples can mislead DNNs to produce adversary-selected results. Different attack strategies have been proposed to generate adversarial examples, but how to produce them with high perceptual quality and more efficiently requires more research efforts. In this paper, we propose AdvGAN to generate adversarial examples with generative adversarial networks (GANs), which can learn and approximate the distribution of original instances. For AdvGAN, once the generator is trained, it can generate adversarial perturbations efficiently for any instance, so as to potentially accelerate adversarial training as defenses. We apply AdvGAN in both semi-whitebox and black-box attack settings. In semi-whitebox attacks, there is no need to access the original target model after the generator is trained, in contrast to traditional white-box attacks. In black-box attacks, we dynamically train a distilled model for the black-box model and optimize the generator accordingly. Adversarial examples generated by AdvGAN on different target models have high attack success rate under state-of-the-art defenses compared to other attacks. Our attack has placed the first with 92.76% accuracy on a public MNIST black-box attack challenge.

Detecting carried objects is one of the requirements for developing systems to reason about activities involving people and objects. We present an approach to detect carried objects from a single video frame with a novel method that incorporates features from multiple scales. Initially, a foreground mask in a video frame is segmented into multi-scale superpixels. Then the human-like regions in the segmented area are identified by matching a set of extracted features from superpixels against learned features in a codebook. A carried object probability map is generated using the complement of the matching probabilities of superpixels to human-like regions and background information. A group of superpixels with high carried object probability and strong edge support is then merged to obtain the shape of the carried object. We applied our method to two challenging datasets, and results show that our method is competitive with or better than the state-of-the-art.