Medical imaging is an essential tool for diagnosing and treating diseases. However, lacking medical images can lead to inaccurate diagnoses and ineffective treatments. Generative models offer a promising solution for addressing medical image shortage problems due to their ability to generate new data from existing datasets and detect anomalies in this data. Data augmentation with position augmentation methods like scaling, cropping, flipping, padding, rotation, and translation could lead to more overfitting in domains with little data, such as medical image data. This paper proposes the GAN-GA, a generative model optimized by embedding a genetic algorithm. The proposed model enhances image fidelity and diversity while preserving distinctive features. The proposed medical image synthesis approach improves the quality and fidelity of medical images, an essential aspect of image interpretation. To evaluate synthesized images: Frechet Inception Distance (FID) is used. The proposed GAN-GA model is tested by generating Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) medical images, an image dataset, and is the first time to be used in generative models. Our results were compared to those of InfoGAN as a baseline model. The experimental results show that the proposed optimized GAN-GA enhances FID scores by about 6.8\%, especially in earlier training epochs. The source code and dataset will be available at: //github.com/Mustafa-AbdulRazek/InfoGAN-GA.
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ACM/IEEE第23屆模型驅動工程語言和系統國際會議，是模型驅動軟件和系統工程的首要會議系列，由ACM-SIGSOFT和IEEE-TCSE支持組織。自1998年以來，模型涵蓋了建模的各個方面，從語言和方法到工具和應用程序。模特的參加者來自不同的背景，包括研究人員、學者、工程師和工業專業人士。MODELS 2019是一個論壇，參與者可以圍繞建模和模型驅動的軟件和系統交流前沿研究成果和創新實踐經驗。今年的版本將為建模社區提供進一步推進建模基礎的機會，并在網絡物理系統、嵌入式系統、社會技術系統、云計算、大數據、機器學習、安全、開源等新興領域提出建模的創新應用以及可持續性。
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Medical image segmentation is increasingly reliant on deep learning techniques, yet the promising performance often come with high annotation costs. This paper introduces Weak-Mamba-UNet, an innovative weakly-supervised learning (WSL) framework that leverages the capabilities of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Vision Transformer (ViT), and the cutting-edge Visual Mamba (VMamba) architecture for medical image segmentation, especially when dealing with scribble-based annotations. The proposed WSL strategy incorporates three distinct architecture but same symmetrical encoder-decoder networks: a CNN-based UNet for detailed local feature extraction, a Swin Transformer-based SwinUNet for comprehensive global context understanding, and a VMamba-based Mamba-UNet for efficient long-range dependency modeling. The key concept of this framework is a collaborative and cross-supervisory mechanism that employs pseudo labels to facilitate iterative learning and refinement across the networks. The effectiveness of Weak-Mamba-UNet is validated on a publicly available MRI cardiac segmentation dataset with processed scribble annotations, where it surpasses the performance of a similar WSL framework utilizing only UNet or SwinUNet. This highlights its potential in scenarios with sparse or imprecise annotations. The source code is made publicly accessible.
Congestion tollings have been widely developed and adopted as an effective tool to mitigate urban traffic congestion and enhance transportation system sustainability. Nevertheless, these tolling schemes are often tailored on a city-by-city or even area-by-area basis, and the cost of conducting field experiments often makes the design and evaluation process challenging. In this work, we leverage MATSim, a simulation platform that provides microscopic behaviors at the agent level, to evaluate performance on tolling schemes. Specifically, we conduct a case study of the Manhattan Central Business District (CBD) in New York City (NYC) using a fine-granularity traffic network model in the large-scale agent behavior setting. The flexibility of MATSim enables the implementation of a customized tolling policy proposed yet not deployed by the NYC agency while providing detailed interpretations. The quantitative and qualitative results indicate that the tested tolling program can regulate the personal vehicle volume in the CBD area and encourage the usage of public transportation, which proves to be a practical move towards sustainable transportation systems. More importantly, our work demonstrates that agent-based simulation helps better understand the travel pattern change subject to tollings in dense and complex urban environments, and it has the potential to facilitate efficient decision-making for the devotion to sustainable traffic management.
Code editing encompasses a variety of pragmatic tasks that developers deal with daily. Despite its relevance and practical usefulness, automatic code editing remains an underexplored area in the evolution of deep learning models, partly due to data scarcity. In this work, we explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to edit code based on user instructions. Evaluated on a novel human-written execution-based benchmark dubbed EditEval, we found current models often struggle to fulfill the instructions. In light of this, we contribute InstructCoder, the first instruction-tuning dataset designed to adapt LLMs for general-purpose code editing, containing high-diversity code-editing tasks such as comment insertion, code optimization, and code refactoring. It consists of over 114,000 instruction-input-output triplets and covers multiple distinct code editing scenarios. The collection process starts with filtered commit data sourced from GitHub Python repositories as seeds. Subsequently, the dataset is systematically expanded through an iterative process, where both seed and generated tasks are used to prompt ChatGPT for more data. Our findings reveal that open-source LLMs fine-tuned on InstructCoder can significantly enhance the accuracy of code edits, exhibiting superior code-editing performance matching advanced proprietary LLMs. The datasets and the source code are publicly available at //github.com/qishenghu/CodeInstruct.
Drawing inspiration from the primate brain's intriguing evidence accumulation process, and guided by models from cognitive psychology and neuroscience, the paper introduces the NYCTALE framework, a neuro-inspired and evidence accumulation-based Transformer architecture. The proposed neuro-inspired NYCTALE offers a novel pathway in the domain of Personalized Medicine (PM) for lung cancer diagnosis. In nature, Nyctales are small owls known for their nocturnal behavior, hunting primarily during the darkness of night. The NYCTALE operates in a similarly vigilant manner, i.e., processing data in an evidence-based fashion and making predictions dynamically/adaptively. Distinct from conventional Computed Tomography (CT)-based Deep Learning (DL) models, the NYCTALE performs predictions only when sufficient amount of evidence is accumulated. In other words, instead of processing all or a pre-defined subset of CT slices, for each person, slices are provided one at a time. The NYCTALE framework then computes an evidence vector associated with contribution of each new CT image. A decision is made once the total accumulated evidence surpasses a specific threshold. Preliminary experimental analyses conducted using a challenging in-house dataset comprising 114 subjects. The results are noteworthy, suggesting that NYCTALE outperforms the benchmark accuracy even with approximately 60% less training data on this demanding and small dataset.
Digital pathology has gained significant traction in modern healthcare systems. This shift from optical microscopes to digital imagery brings with it the potential for improved diagnosis, efficiency, and the integration of AI tools into the pathologists workflow. A critical aspect of this is visualization. Throughout the development of a machine learning (ML) model in digital pathology, it is crucial to have flexible, openly available tools to visualize models, from their outputs and predictions to the underlying annotations and images used to train or test a model. We introduce TIAViz, a Python-based visualization tool built into TIAToolbox which allows flexible, interactive, fully zoomable overlay of a wide variety of information onto whole slide images, including graphs, heatmaps, segmentations, annotations and other WSIs. The UI is browser-based, allowing use either locally, on a remote machine, or on a server to provide publicly available demos. This tool is open source and is made available at: //github.com/TissueImageAnalytics/tiatoolbox and via pip installation (pip install tiatoolbox) and conda as part of TIAToolbox.
Deep learning methods have shown strong performance in solving tasks for historical document image analysis. However, despite current libraries and frameworks, programming an experiment or a set of experiments and executing them can be time-consuming. This is why we propose an open-source deep learning framework, DIVA-DAF, which is based on PyTorch Lightning and specifically designed for historical document analysis. Pre-implemented tasks such as segmentation and classification can be easily used or customized. It is also easy to create one's own tasks with the benefit of powerful modules for loading data, even large data sets, and different forms of ground truth. The applications conducted have demonstrated time savings for the programming of a document analysis task, as well as for different scenarios such as pre-training or changing the architecture. Thanks to its data module, the framework also allows to reduce the time of model training significantly.
Recently, a range of neural network-based methods for image rendering have been introduced. One such widely-researched neural radiance field (NeRF) relies on a neural network to represent 3D scenes, allowing for realistic view synthesis from a small number of 2D images. However, most NeRF models are constrained by long training and inference times. In comparison, Gaussian Splatting (GS) is a novel, state-of-the-art technique for rendering points in a 3D scene by approximating their contribution to image pixels through Gaussian distributions, warranting fast training and swift, real-time rendering. A drawback of GS is the absence of a well-defined approach for its conditioning due to the necessity to condition several hundred thousand Gaussian components. To solve this, we introduce the Gaussian Mesh Splatting (GaMeS) model, which allows modification of Gaussian components in a similar way as meshes. We parameterize each Gaussian component by the vertices of the mesh face. Furthermore, our model needs mesh initialization on input or estimated mesh during training. We also define Gaussian splats solely based on their location on the mesh, allowing for automatic adjustments in position, scale, and rotation during animation. As a result, we obtain a real-time rendering of editable GS.
Medical imaging is nowadays a pillar in diagnostics and therapeutic follow-up. Current research tries to integrate established - but ionizing - tomographic techniques with technologies offering reduced radiation exposure. Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) uses non-ionizing light in the Near-Infrared (NIR) window to reconstruct optical coefficients in living beings, providing functional indications about the composition of the investigated organ/tissue. Due to predominant light scattering at NIR wavelengths, DOT reconstruction is, however, a severely ill-conditioned inverse problem. Conventional reconstruction approaches show severe weaknesses when dealing also with mildly complex cases and/or are computationally very intensive. In this work we explore deep learning techniques for DOT inversion. Namely, we propose a fully data-driven approach based on a modularity concept: first data and originating signal are separately processed via autoencoders, then the corresponding low-dimensional latent spaces are connected via a bridging network which acts at the same time as a learned regularizer.
Defensive deception is a promising approach for cyberdefense. Although defensive deception is increasingly popular in the research community, there has not been a systematic investigation of its key components, the underlying principles, and its tradeoffs in various problem settings. This survey paper focuses on defensive deception research centered on game theory and machine learning, since these are prominent families of artificial intelligence approaches that are widely employed in defensive deception. This paper brings forth insights, lessons, and limitations from prior work. It closes with an outline of some research directions to tackle major gaps in current defensive deception research.
InteractE: Improving Convolution-based Knowledge Graph Embeddings by Increasing Feature Interactions
Most existing knowledge graphs suffer from incompleteness, which can be alleviated by inferring missing links based on known facts. One popular way to accomplish this is to generate low-dimensional embeddings of entities and relations, and use these to make inferences. ConvE, a recently proposed approach, applies convolutional filters on 2D reshapings of entity and relation embeddings in order to capture rich interactions between their components. However, the number of interactions that ConvE can capture is limited. In this paper, we analyze how increasing the number of these interactions affects link prediction performance, and utilize our observations to propose InteractE. InteractE is based on three key ideas -- feature permutation, a novel feature reshaping, and circular convolution. Through extensive experiments, we find that InteractE outperforms state-of-the-art convolutional link prediction baselines on FB15k-237. Further, InteractE achieves an MRR score that is 9%, 7.5%, and 23% better than ConvE on the FB15k-237, WN18RR and YAGO3-10 datasets respectively. The results validate our central hypothesis -- that increasing feature interaction is beneficial to link prediction performance. We make the source code of InteractE available to encourage reproducible research.
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