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Image recognition tasks typically use deep learning and require enormous processing power, thus relying on hardware accelerators like GPUs and TPUs for fast, timely processing. Failure in real-time image recognition tasks can occur due to sub-optimal mapping on hardware accelerators during model deployment, which may lead to timing uncertainty and erroneous behavior. Mapping on hardware accelerators is done through multiple software components like deep learning frameworks, compilers, device libraries, that we refer to as the computational environment. Owing to the increased use of image recognition tasks in safety-critical applications like autonomous driving and medical imaging, it is imperative to assess their robustness to changes in the computational environment, as the impact of parameters like deep learning frameworks, compiler optimizations, and hardware devices on model performance and correctness is not well understood. In this paper we present a differential testing framework, which allows deep learning model variant generation, execution, differential analysis and testing for a number of computational environment parameters. Using our framework, we conduct an empirical study of robustness analysis of three popular image recognition models using the ImageNet dataset, assessing the impact of changing deep learning frameworks, compiler optimizations, and hardware devices. We report the impact in terms of misclassifications and inference time differences across different settings. In total, we observed up to 72% output label differences across deep learning frameworks, and up to 82% unexpected performance degradation in terms of inference time, when applying compiler optimizations. Using the analysis tools in our framework, we also perform fault analysis to understand the reasons for the observed differences.

Gamification is an emerging trend in the field of machine learning that presents a novel approach to solving optimization problems by transforming them into game-like scenarios. This paradigm shift allows for the development of robust, easily implementable, and parallelizable algorithms for hard optimization problems. In our work, we use gamification to tackle the Best Separable State (BSS) problem, a fundamental problem in quantum information theory that involves linear optimization over the set of separable quantum states. To achieve this we introduce and study quantum analogues of common-interest games (CIGs) and potential games where players have density matrices as strategies and their interests are perfectly aligned. We bridge the gap between optimization and game theory by establishing the equivalence between KKT (first-order stationary) points of a BSS instance and the Nash equilibria of its corresponding quantum CIG. Taking the perspective of learning in games, we introduce non-commutative extensions of the continuous-time replicator dynamics and the discrete-time Baum-Eagon/linear multiplicative weights update for learning in quantum CIGs, which also serve as decentralized algorithms for the BSS problem. We show that the common utility/objective value of a BSS instance is strictly increasing along trajectories of our algorithms, and finally corroborate our theoretical findings through extensive experiments.

In this paper, we focus on inferring whether the given user command is clear, ambiguous, or infeasible in the context of interactive robotic agents utilizing large language models (LLMs). To tackle this problem, we first present an uncertainty estimation method for LLMs to classify whether the command is certain (i.e., clear) or not (i.e., ambiguous or infeasible). Once the command is classified as uncertain, we further distinguish it between ambiguous or infeasible commands leveraging LLMs with situational aware context in a zero-shot manner. For ambiguous commands, we disambiguate the command by interacting with users via question generation with LLMs. We believe that proper recognition of the given commands could lead to a decrease in malfunction and undesired actions of the robot, enhancing the reliability of interactive robot agents. We present a dataset for robotic situational awareness, consisting pair of high-level commands, scene descriptions, and labels of command type (i.e., clear, ambiguous, or infeasible). We validate the proposed method on the collected dataset, pick-and-place tabletop simulation. Finally, we demonstrate the proposed approach in real-world human-robot interaction experiments, i.e., handover scenarios.

Hand tracking is an important aspect of human-computer interaction and has a wide range of applications in extended reality devices. However, current hand motion capture methods suffer from various limitations. For instance, visual-based hand pose estimation is susceptible to self-occlusion and changes in lighting conditions, while IMU-based tracking gloves experience significant drift and are not resistant to external magnetic field interference. To address these issues, we propose a novel and low-cost hand-tracking glove that utilizes several MEMS-ultrasonic sensors attached to the fingers, to measure the distance matrix among the sensors. Our lightweight deep network then reconstructs the hand pose from the distance matrix. Our experimental results demonstrate that this approach is both accurate, size-agnostic, and robust to external interference. We also show the design logic for the sensor selection, sensor configurations, circuit diagram, as well as model architecture.

We develop an open-source tool (EmTract) that extracts emotions from social media text tailed for financial context. To do so, we annotate ten thousand short messages from a financial social media platform (StockTwits) and combine it with open-source emotion data. We then use a pre-tuned NLP model, DistilBERT, augment its embedding space by including 4,861 tokens (emojis and emoticons), and then fit it first on the open-source emotion data, then transfer it to our annotated financial social media data. Our model outperforms competing open-source state-of-the-art emotion classifiers, such as Emotion English DistilRoBERTa-base on both human and chatGPT annotated data. Compared to dictionary based methods, our methodology has three main advantages for research in finance. First, our model is tailored to financial social media text; second, it incorporates key aspects of social media data, such as non-standard phrases, emojis, and emoticons; and third, it operates by sequentially learning a latent representation that includes features such as word order, word usage, and local context. Using EmTract, we explore the relationship between investor emotions expressed on social media and asset prices. We show that firm-specific investor emotions are predictive of daily price movements. Our findings show that emotions and market dynamics are closely related, and we provide a tool to help study the role emotions play in financial markets.

Computing is a critical driving force in the development of human civilization. In recent years, we have witnessed the emergence of intelligent computing, a new computing paradigm that is reshaping traditional computing and promoting digital revolution in the era of big data, artificial intelligence and internet-of-things with new computing theories, architectures, methods, systems, and applications. Intelligent computing has greatly broadened the scope of computing, extending it from traditional computing on data to increasingly diverse computing paradigms such as perceptual intelligence, cognitive intelligence, autonomous intelligence, and human-computer fusion intelligence. Intelligence and computing have undergone paths of different evolution and development for a long time but have become increasingly intertwined in recent years: intelligent computing is not only intelligence-oriented but also intelligence-driven. Such cross-fertilization has prompted the emergence and rapid advancement of intelligent computing. Intelligent computing is still in its infancy and an abundance of innovations in the theories, systems, and applications of intelligent computing are expected to occur soon. We present the first comprehensive survey of literature on intelligent computing, covering its theory fundamentals, the technological fusion of intelligence and computing, important applications, challenges, and future perspectives. We believe that this survey is highly timely and will provide a comprehensive reference and cast valuable insights into intelligent computing for academic and industrial researchers and practitioners.

A proper fusion of complex data is of interest to many researchers in diverse fields, including computational statistics, computational geometry, bioinformatics, machine learning, pattern recognition, quality management, engineering, statistics, finance, economics, etc. It plays a crucial role in: synthetic description of data processes or whole domains, creation of rule bases for approximate reasoning tasks, reaching consensus and selection of the optimal strategy in decision support systems, imputation of missing values, data deduplication and consolidation, record linkage across heterogeneous databases, and clustering. This open-access research monograph integrates the spread-out results from different domains using the methodology of the well-established classical aggregation framework, introduces researchers and practitioners to Aggregation 2.0, as well as points out the challenges and interesting directions for further research.

Interpretability methods are developed to understand the working mechanisms of black-box models, which is crucial to their responsible deployment. Fulfilling this goal requires both that the explanations generated by these methods are correct and that people can easily and reliably understand them. While the former has been addressed in prior work, the latter is often overlooked, resulting in informal model understanding derived from a handful of local explanations. In this paper, we introduce explanation summary (ExSum), a mathematical framework for quantifying model understanding, and propose metrics for its quality assessment. On two domains, ExSum highlights various limitations in the current practice, helps develop accurate model understanding, and reveals easily overlooked properties of the model. We also connect understandability to other properties of explanations such as human alignment, robustness, and counterfactual minimality and plausibility.

Recent years have seen important advances in the quality of state-of-the-art models, but this has come at the expense of models becoming less interpretable. This survey presents an overview of the current state of Explainable AI (XAI), considered within the domain of Natural Language Processing (NLP). We discuss the main categorization of explanations, as well as the various ways explanations can be arrived at and visualized. We detail the operations and explainability techniques currently available for generating explanations for NLP model predictions, to serve as a resource for model developers in the community. Finally, we point out the current gaps and encourage directions for future work in this important research area.

This work addresses a novel and challenging problem of estimating the full 3D hand shape and pose from a single RGB image. Most current methods in 3D hand analysis from monocular RGB images only focus on estimating the 3D locations of hand keypoints, which cannot fully express the 3D shape of hand. In contrast, we propose a Graph Convolutional Neural Network (Graph CNN) based method to reconstruct a full 3D mesh of hand surface that contains richer information of both 3D hand shape and pose. To train networks with full supervision, we create a large-scale synthetic dataset containing both ground truth 3D meshes and 3D poses. When fine-tuning the networks on real-world datasets without 3D ground truth, we propose a weakly-supervised approach by leveraging the depth map as a weak supervision in training. Through extensive evaluations on our proposed new datasets and two public datasets, we show that our proposed method can produce accurate and reasonable 3D hand mesh, and can achieve superior 3D hand pose estimation accuracy when compared with state-of-the-art methods.