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Text summarization is the process of condensing a piece of text to fewer sentences, while still preserving its content. Chat transcript, in this context, is a textual copy of a digital or online conversation between a customer (caller) and agent(s). This paper presents an indigenously (locally) developed hybrid method that first combines extractive and abstractive summarization techniques in compressing ill-punctuated or un-punctuated chat transcripts to produce more readable punctuated summaries and then optimizes the overall quality of summarization through reinforcement learning. Extensive testing, evaluations, comparisons, and validation have demonstrated the efficacy of this approach for large-scale deployment of chat transcript summarization, in the absence of manually generated reference (annotated) summaries.

While the field of continuous Entropic Optimal Transport (EOT) has been actively developing in recent years, it became evident that the classic EOT problem is prone to different issues like the sensitivity to outliers and imbalance of classes in the source and target measures. This fact inspired the development of solvers which deal with the unbalanced EOT (UEOT) problem - the generalization of EOT allowing for mitigating the mentioned issues by relaxing the marginal constraints. Surprisingly, it turns out that the existing solvers are either based on heuristic principles or heavy-weighted with complex optimization objectives involving several neural networks. We address this challenge and propose a novel theoretically-justified and lightweight unbalanced EOT solver. Our advancement consists in developing a novel view on the optimization of the UEOT problem yielding tractable and non-minimax optimization objective. We show that combined with a light parametrization recently proposed in the field our objective leads to fast, simple and effective solver. It allows solving the continuous UEOT problem in minutes on CPU. We provide illustrative examples of the performance of our solver.

This is an expository note explaining how the geometric notions of local connectedness and properness are related to the $\Sigma$-type and $\Pi$-type constructors of dependent type theory.

Hyperproperties govern the behavior of a system or systems across multiple executions, and are being recognized as an important extension of regular temporal properties. So far, such properties have resisted comprehensive treatment by modern software model-checking approaches such as IC3/PDR, due to the need to find not only an inductive invariant but also a \emph{total} alignment of different executions that facilitates simpler inductive invariants. We show how this treatment is achieved via a reduction from the verification problem of $\forall^k\exists^l$ properties to Constrained Horn Clauses. The approach is based on combining the inference of an alignment and inductive invariant in a single CHC encoding; and, for existential quantification over traces, incorporating also inference of a witness function for the existential choices, based on a game semantics with a sound-and-complete encoding to CHCs as well.

Camera localization methods based on retrieval, local feature matching, and 3D structure-based pose estimation are accurate but require high storage, are slow, and are not privacy-preserving. A method based on scene landmark detection (SLD) was recently proposed to address these limitations. It involves training a convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect a few predetermined, salient, scene-specific 3D points or landmarks and computing camera pose from the associated 2D-3D correspondences. Although SLD outperformed existing learning-based approaches, it was notably less accurate than 3D structure-based methods. In this paper, we show that the accuracy gap was due to insufficient model capacity and noisy labels during training. To mitigate the capacity issue, we propose to split the landmarks into subgroups and train a separate network for each subgroup. To generate better training labels, we propose using dense reconstructions to estimate visibility of scene landmarks. Finally, we present a compact architecture to improve memory efficiency. Accuracy wise, our approach is on par with state of the art structure based methods on the INDOOR-6 dataset but runs significantly faster and uses less storage. Code and models can be found at //github.com/microsoft/SceneLandmarkLocalization.

Invariant risk minimization (IRM) has recently emerged as a promising alternative for domain generalization. Nevertheless, the loss function is difficult to optimize for nonlinear classifiers and the original optimization objective could fail when pseudo-invariant features and geometric skews exist. Inspired by IRM, in this paper we propose a novel formulation for domain generalization, dubbed invariant information bottleneck (IIB). IIB aims at minimizing invariant risks for nonlinear classifiers and simultaneously mitigating the impact of pseudo-invariant features and geometric skews. Specifically, we first present a novel formulation for invariant causal prediction via mutual information. Then we adopt the variational formulation of the mutual information to develop a tractable loss function for nonlinear classifiers. To overcome the failure modes of IRM, we propose to minimize the mutual information between the inputs and the corresponding representations. IIB significantly outperforms IRM on synthetic datasets, where the pseudo-invariant features and geometric skews occur, showing the effectiveness of proposed formulation in overcoming failure modes of IRM. Furthermore, experiments on DomainBed show that IIB outperforms $13$ baselines by $0.9\%$ on average across $7$ real datasets.

Data augmentation has been widely used to improve generalizability of machine learning models. However, comparatively little work studies data augmentation for graphs. This is largely due to the complex, non-Euclidean structure of graphs, which limits possible manipulation operations. Augmentation operations commonly used in vision and language have no analogs for graphs. Our work studies graph data augmentation for graph neural networks (GNNs) in the context of improving semi-supervised node-classification. We discuss practical and theoretical motivations, considerations and strategies for graph data augmentation. Our work shows that neural edge predictors can effectively encode class-homophilic structure to promote intra-class edges and demote inter-class edges in given graph structure, and our main contribution introduces the GAug graph data augmentation framework, which leverages these insights to improve performance in GNN-based node classification via edge prediction. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmarks show that augmentation via GAug improves performance across GNN architectures and datasets.

Graphical causal inference as pioneered by Judea Pearl arose from research on artificial intelligence (AI), and for a long time had little connection to the field of machine learning. This article discusses where links have been and should be established, introducing key concepts along the way. It argues that the hard open problems of machine learning and AI are intrinsically related to causality, and explains how the field is beginning to understand them.

Embedding entities and relations into a continuous multi-dimensional vector space have become the dominant method for knowledge graph embedding in representation learning. However, most existing models ignore to represent hierarchical knowledge, such as the similarities and dissimilarities of entities in one domain. We proposed to learn a Domain Representations over existing knowledge graph embedding models, such that entities that have similar attributes are organized into the same domain. Such hierarchical knowledge of domains can give further evidence in link prediction. Experimental results show that domain embeddings give a significant improvement over the most recent state-of-art baseline knowledge graph embedding models.

Text Classification is an important and classical problem in natural language processing. There have been a number of studies that applied convolutional neural networks (convolution on regular grid, e.g., sequence) to classification. However, only a limited number of studies have explored the more flexible graph convolutional neural networks (convolution on non-grid, e.g., arbitrary graph) for the task. In this work, we propose to use graph convolutional networks for text classification. We build a single text graph for a corpus based on word co-occurrence and document word relations, then learn a Text Graph Convolutional Network (Text GCN) for the corpus. Our Text GCN is initialized with one-hot representation for word and document, it then jointly learns the embeddings for both words and documents, as supervised by the known class labels for documents. Our experimental results on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate that a vanilla Text GCN without any external word embeddings or knowledge outperforms state-of-the-art methods for text classification. On the other hand, Text GCN also learns predictive word and document embeddings. In addition, experimental results show that the improvement of Text GCN over state-of-the-art comparison methods become more prominent as we lower the percentage of training data, suggesting the robustness of Text GCN to less training data in text classification.