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Significant progress in the development of highly adaptable and reusable Artificial Intelligence (AI) models is expected to have a significant impact on Earth science and remote sensing. Foundation models are pre-trained on large unlabeled datasets through self-supervision, and then fine-tuned for various downstream tasks with small labeled datasets. This paper introduces a first-of-a-kind framework for the efficient pre-training and fine-tuning of foundational models on extensive geospatial data. We have utilized this framework to create Prithvi, a transformer-based geospatial foundational model pre-trained on more than 1TB of multispectral satellite imagery from the Harmonized Landsat-Sentinel 2 (HLS) dataset. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of our framework in successfully fine-tuning Prithvi to a range of Earth observation tasks that have not been tackled by previous work on foundation models involving multi-temporal cloud gap imputation, flood mapping, wildfire scar segmentation, and multi-temporal crop segmentation. Our experiments show that the pre-trained model accelerates the fine-tuning process compared to leveraging randomly initialized weights. In addition, pre-trained Prithvi compares well against the state-of-the-art, e.g., outperforming a conditional GAN model in multi-temporal cloud imputation by up to 5pp (or 5.7%) in the structural similarity index. Finally, due to the limited availability of labeled data in the field of Earth observation, we gradually reduce the quantity of available labeled data for refining the model to evaluate data efficiency and demonstrate that data can be decreased significantly without affecting the model's accuracy. The pre-trained 100 million parameter model and corresponding fine-tuning workflows have been released publicly as open source contributions to the global Earth sciences community through Hugging Face.

Images degraded by geometric distortions pose a significant challenge to imaging and computer vision tasks such as object recognition. Deep learning-based imaging models usually fail to give accurate performance for geometrically distorted images. In this paper, we propose the deformation-invariant neural network (DINN), a framework to address the problem of imaging tasks for geometrically distorted images. The DINN outputs consistent latent features for images that are geometrically distorted but represent the same underlying object or scene. The idea of DINN is to incorporate a simple component, called the quasiconformal transformer network (QCTN), into other existing deep networks for imaging tasks. The QCTN is a deep neural network that outputs a quasiconformal map, which can be used to transform a geometrically distorted image into an improved version that is closer to the distribution of natural or good images. It first outputs a Beltrami coefficient, which measures the quasiconformality of the output deformation map. By controlling the Beltrami coefficient, the local geometric distortion under the quasiconformal mapping can be controlled. The QCTN is lightweight and simple, which can be readily integrated into other existing deep neural networks to enhance their performance. Leveraging our framework, we have developed an image classification network that achieves accurate classification of distorted images. Our proposed framework has been applied to restore geometrically distorted images by atmospheric turbulence and water turbulence. DINN outperforms existing GAN-based restoration methods under these scenarios, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed framework. Additionally, we apply our proposed framework to the 1-1 verification of human face images under atmospheric turbulence and achieve satisfactory performance, further demonstrating the efficacy of our approach.

As the complexity of System-on-Chip (SoC) designs continues to increase, ensuring thorough verification becomes a significant challenge for system integrators. The complexity of verification can result in undetected bugs. Unlike software or firmware bugs, hardware bugs are hard to fix after deployment and they require additional logic, i.e., patching logic integrated with the design in advance in order to patch. However, the absence of a standardized metric for defining "patchability" leaves system integrators relying on their understanding of each IP and security requirements to engineer ad hoc patching designs. In this paper, we propose a theoretical patchability quantification method to analyze designs at the Register Transfer Level (RTL) with provided patching options. Our quantification defines patchability as a combination of observability and controllability so that we can analyze and compare the patchability of IP variations. This quantification is a systematic approach to estimate each patching architecture's ability to patch at run-time and complements existing patching works. In experiments, we compare several design options of the same patching architecture and discuss their differences in terms of theoretical patchability and how many potential weaknesses can be mitigated.

We consider two popular approaches to Knowledge Graph Completion (KGC): textual models that rely on textual entity descriptions, and structure-based models that exploit the connectivity structure of the Knowledge Graph (KG). Preliminary experiments show that these approaches have complementary strengths: structure-based models perform well when the gold answer is easily reachable from the query head in the KG, while textual models exploit descriptions to give good performance even when the gold answer is not reachable. In response, we explore ensembling as a way of combining the best of both approaches. We propose a novel method for learning query-dependent ensemble weights by using the distributions of scores assigned by individual models to all candidate entities. Our ensemble baseline achieves state-of-the-art results on three standard KGC datasets, with up to 6.8 pt MRR and 8.3 pt Hits@1 gains over best individual models.

Many Contrastive Learning (CL) methods train their models to be invariant to different "views" of an image input for which a good data augmentation pipeline is crucial. While considerable efforts were directed towards improving pre-text tasks, architectures, or robustness (e.g., Siamese networks or teacher-softmax centering), the majority of these methods remain strongly reliant on the random sampling of operations within the image augmentation pipeline, such as the random resized crop or color distortion operation. In this paper, we argue that the role of the view generation and its effect on performance has so far received insufficient attention. To address this, we propose an easy, learning-free, yet powerful Hard View Selection (HVS) strategy designed to extend the random view generation to expose the pretrained model to harder samples during CL training. It encompasses the following iterative steps: 1) randomly sample multiple views and create pairs of two views, 2) run forward passes for each view pair on the currently trained model, 3) adversarially select the pair yielding the worst loss, and 4) run the backward pass with the selected pair. In our empirical analysis we show that under the hood, HVS increases task difficulty by controlling the Intersection over Union of views during pretraining. With only 300-epoch pretraining, HVS is able to closely rival the 800-epoch DINO baseline which remains very favorable even when factoring in the slowdown induced by the additional forwards of HVS. Additionally, HVS consistently achieves accuracy improvements on ImageNet between 0.4% and 1.9% on linear evaluation and similar improvements on transfer tasks across multiple CL methods, such as DINO, SimSiam, and SimCLR.

Existing knowledge graph (KG) embedding models have primarily focused on static KGs. However, real-world KGs do not remain static, but rather evolve and grow in tandem with the development of KG applications. Consequently, new facts and previously unseen entities and relations continually emerge, necessitating an embedding model that can quickly learn and transfer new knowledge through growth. Motivated by this, we delve into an expanding field of KG embedding in this paper, i.e., lifelong KG embedding. We consider knowledge transfer and retention of the learning on growing snapshots of a KG without having to learn embeddings from scratch. The proposed model includes a masked KG autoencoder for embedding learning and update, with an embedding transfer strategy to inject the learned knowledge into the new entity and relation embeddings, and an embedding regularization method to avoid catastrophic forgetting. To investigate the impacts of different aspects of KG growth, we construct four datasets to evaluate the performance of lifelong KG embedding. Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art inductive and lifelong embedding baselines.

In this paper, we propose a novel Feature Decomposition and Reconstruction Learning (FDRL) method for effective facial expression recognition. We view the expression information as the combination of the shared information (expression similarities) across different expressions and the unique information (expression-specific variations) for each expression. More specifically, FDRL mainly consists of two crucial networks: a Feature Decomposition Network (FDN) and a Feature Reconstruction Network (FRN). In particular, FDN first decomposes the basic features extracted from a backbone network into a set of facial action-aware latent features to model expression similarities. Then, FRN captures the intra-feature and inter-feature relationships for latent features to characterize expression-specific variations, and reconstructs the expression feature. To this end, two modules including an intra-feature relation modeling module and an inter-feature relation modeling module are developed in FRN. Experimental results on both the in-the-lab databases (including CK+, MMI, and Oulu-CASIA) and the in-the-wild databases (including RAF-DB and SFEW) show that the proposed FDRL method consistently achieves higher recognition accuracy than several state-of-the-art methods. This clearly highlights the benefit of feature decomposition and reconstruction for classifying expressions.

Video captioning is a challenging task that requires a deep understanding of visual scenes. State-of-the-art methods generate captions using either scene-level or object-level information but without explicitly modeling object interactions. Thus, they often fail to make visually grounded predictions, and are sensitive to spurious correlations. In this paper, we propose a novel spatio-temporal graph model for video captioning that exploits object interactions in space and time. Our model builds interpretable links and is able to provide explicit visual grounding. To avoid unstable performance caused by the variable number of objects, we further propose an object-aware knowledge distillation mechanism, in which local object information is used to regularize global scene features. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach through extensive experiments on two benchmarks, showing our approach yields competitive performance with interpretable predictions.

Relying entirely on an attention mechanism, the Transformer introduced by Vaswani et al. (2017) achieves state-of-the-art results for machine translation. In contrast to recurrent and convolutional neural networks, it does not explicitly model relative or absolute position information in its structure. Instead, it requires adding representations of absolute positions to its inputs. In this work we present an alternative approach, extending the self-attention mechanism to efficiently consider representations of the relative positions, or distances between sequence elements. On the WMT 2014 English-to-German and English-to-French translation tasks, this approach yields improvements of 1.3 BLEU and 0.3 BLEU over absolute position representations, respectively. Notably, we observe that combining relative and absolute position representations yields no further improvement in translation quality. We describe an efficient implementation of our method and cast it as an instance of relation-aware self-attention mechanisms that can generalize to arbitrary graph-labeled inputs.

High spectral dimensionality and the shortage of annotations make hyperspectral image (HSI) classification a challenging problem. Recent studies suggest that convolutional neural networks can learn discriminative spatial features, which play a paramount role in HSI interpretation. However, most of these methods ignore the distinctive spectral-spatial characteristic of hyperspectral data. In addition, a large amount of unlabeled data remains an unexploited gold mine for efficient data use. Therefore, we proposed an integration of generative adversarial networks (GANs) and probabilistic graphical models for HSI classification. Specifically, we used a spectral-spatial generator and a discriminator to identify land cover categories of hyperspectral cubes. Moreover, to take advantage of a large amount of unlabeled data, we adopted a conditional random field to refine the preliminary classification results generated by GANs. Experimental results obtained using two commonly studied datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework achieved encouraging classification accuracy using a small number of data for training.