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This paper addresses the escalating challenge of redundant data transmission in networks. The surge in traffic has strained backhaul links and backbone networks, prompting the exploration of caching solutions at the edge router. Existing work primarily relies on Markov Decision Processes (MDP) for caching issues, assuming fixed-time interval decisions; however, real-world scenarios involve random request arrivals, and despite the critical role of various file characteristics in determining an optimal caching policy, none of the related existing work considers all these file characteristics in forming a caching policy. In this paper, first, we formulate the caching problem using a semi-Markov Decision Process (SMDP) to accommodate the continuous-time nature of real-world scenarios allowing for caching decisions at random times upon file requests. Then, we propose a double deep Q-learning-based caching approach that comprehensively accounts for file features such as lifetime, size, and importance. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of our approach compared to a recent Deep Reinforcement Learning-based method. Furthermore, we extend our work to include a Transfer Learning (TL) approach to account for changes in file request rates in the SMDP framework. The proposed TL approach exhibits fast convergence, even in scenarios with increased differences in request rates between source and target domains, presenting a promising solution to the dynamic challenges of caching in real-world environments.

This paper proposes various nonparametric tools based on measure transportation for directional data. We use optimal transports to define new notions of distribution and quantile functions on the hypersphere, with meaningful quantile contours and regions and closed-form formulas under the classical assumption of rotational symmetry. The empirical versions of our distribution functions enjoy the expected Glivenko-Cantelli property of traditional distribution functions. They provide fully distribution-free concepts of ranks and signs and define data-driven systems of (curvilinear) parallels and (hyper)meridians. Based on this, we also construct a universally consistent test of uniformity and a class of fully distribution-free and universally consistent tests for directional MANOVA which, in simulations, outperform all their existing competitors. A real-data example involving the analysis of sunspots concludes the paper.

We present a generalized distance metric that can be used to implement routing strategies and identify routing table entries to reach the root node for a given key, in a DHT (Distributed Hash Table) network based on either Chord, Kademlia, Tapestry, or Pastry. The generalization shows that all the above four DHT algorithms are in fact, the same algorithm but with different parameters in distance representation. We also proposes that nodes can have routing tables of varying sizes based on their memory capabilities but with the fact that each node must have at least two entries, one for the node closest from it, and the other for the node from whom it is closest in each ring components for all the algorithms. Messages will always reach the correct root nodes by following the above rule. We also further observe that in any network, if the distance metric to define the root node in the DHT is same at all the nodes, then the root node for a key will also be the same, irrespective of the size of the routing table at different nodes.

Diffusion-based generative speech enhancement (SE) has recently received attention, but reverse diffusion remains time-consuming. One solution is to initialize the reverse diffusion process with enhanced features estimated by a predictive SE system. However, the pipeline structure currently does not consider for a combined use of generative and predictive decoders. The predictive decoder allows us to use the further complementarity between predictive and diffusion-based generative SE. In this paper, we propose a unified system that use jointly generative and predictive decoders across two levels. The encoder encodes both generative and predictive information at the shared encoding level. At the decoded feature level, we fuse the two decoded features by generative and predictive decoders. Specifically, the two SE modules are fused in the initial and final diffusion steps: the initial fusion initializes the diffusion process with the predictive SE to improve convergence, and the final fusion combines the two complementary SE outputs to enhance SE performance. Experiments conducted on the Voice-Bank dataset demonstrate that incorporating predictive information leads to faster decoding and higher PESQ scores compared with other score-based diffusion SE (StoRM and SGMSE+).

Most existing methods for predicting drug-drug interactions (DDI) predominantly concentrate on capturing the explicit relationships among drugs, overlooking the valuable implicit correlations present between drug pairs (DPs), which leads to weak predictions. To address this issue, this paper introduces a hierarchical multi-relational graph representation learning (HMGRL) approach. Within the framework of HMGRL, we leverage a wealth of drug-related heterogeneous data sources to construct heterogeneous graphs, where nodes represent drugs and edges denote clear and various associations. The relational graph convolutional network (RGCN) is employed to capture diverse explicit relationships between drugs from these heterogeneous graphs. Additionally, a multi-view differentiable spectral clustering (MVDSC) module is developed to capture multiple valuable implicit correlations between DPs. Within the MVDSC, we utilize multiple DP features to construct graphs, where nodes represent DPs and edges denote different implicit correlations. Subsequently, multiple DP representations are generated through graph cutting, each emphasizing distinct implicit correlations. The graph-cutting strategy enables our HMGRL to identify strongly connected communities of graphs, thereby reducing the fusion of irrelevant features. By combining every representation view of a DP, we create high-level DP representations for predicting DDIs. Two genuine datasets spanning three distinct tasks are adopted to gauge the efficacy of our HMGRL. Experimental outcomes unequivocally indicate that HMGRL surpasses several leading-edge methods in performance.

With the continuous growth in the number of parameters of transformer-based pretrained language models (PLMs), particularly the emergence of large language models (LLMs) with billions of parameters, many natural language processing (NLP) tasks have demonstrated remarkable success. However, the enormous size and computational demands of these models pose significant challenges for adapting them to specific downstream tasks, especially in environments with limited computational resources. Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) offers an effective solution by reducing the number of fine-tuning parameters and memory usage while achieving comparable performance to full fine-tuning. The demands for fine-tuning PLMs, especially LLMs, have led to a surge in the development of PEFT methods, as depicted in Fig. 1. In this paper, we present a comprehensive and systematic review of PEFT methods for PLMs. We summarize these PEFT methods, discuss their applications, and outline future directions. Furthermore, we conduct experiments using several representative PEFT methods to better understand their effectiveness in parameter efficiency and memory efficiency. By offering insights into the latest advancements and practical applications, this survey serves as an invaluable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking to navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by PEFT in the context of PLMs.

Conventional methods for object detection typically require a substantial amount of training data and preparing such high-quality training data is very labor-intensive. In this paper, we propose a novel few-shot object detection network that aims at detecting objects of unseen categories with only a few annotated examples. Central to our method are our Attention-RPN, Multi-Relation Detector and Contrastive Training strategy, which exploit the similarity between the few shot support set and query set to detect novel objects while suppressing false detection in the background. To train our network, we contribute a new dataset that contains 1000 categories of various objects with high-quality annotations. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first datasets specifically designed for few-shot object detection. Once our few-shot network is trained, it can detect objects of unseen categories without further training or fine-tuning. Our method is general and has a wide range of potential applications. We produce a new state-of-the-art performance on different datasets in the few-shot setting. The dataset link is //github.com/fanq15/Few-Shot-Object-Detection-Dataset.

We introduce a multi-task setup of identifying and classifying entities, relations, and coreference clusters in scientific articles. We create SciERC, a dataset that includes annotations for all three tasks and develop a unified framework called Scientific Information Extractor (SciIE) for with shared span representations. The multi-task setup reduces cascading errors between tasks and leverages cross-sentence relations through coreference links. Experiments show that our multi-task model outperforms previous models in scientific information extraction without using any domain-specific features. We further show that the framework supports construction of a scientific knowledge graph, which we use to analyze information in scientific literature.

Object detection typically assumes that training and test data are drawn from an identical distribution, which, however, does not always hold in practice. Such a distribution mismatch will lead to a significant performance drop. In this work, we aim to improve the cross-domain robustness of object detection. We tackle the domain shift on two levels: 1) the image-level shift, such as image style, illumination, etc, and 2) the instance-level shift, such as object appearance, size, etc. We build our approach based on the recent state-of-the-art Faster R-CNN model, and design two domain adaptation components, on image level and instance level, to reduce the domain discrepancy. The two domain adaptation components are based on H-divergence theory, and are implemented by learning a domain classifier in adversarial training manner. The domain classifiers on different levels are further reinforced with a consistency regularization to learn a domain-invariant region proposal network (RPN) in the Faster R-CNN model. We evaluate our newly proposed approach using multiple datasets including Cityscapes, KITTI, SIM10K, etc. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach for robust object detection in various domain shift scenarios.

High spectral dimensionality and the shortage of annotations make hyperspectral image (HSI) classification a challenging problem. Recent studies suggest that convolutional neural networks can learn discriminative spatial features, which play a paramount role in HSI interpretation. However, most of these methods ignore the distinctive spectral-spatial characteristic of hyperspectral data. In addition, a large amount of unlabeled data remains an unexploited gold mine for efficient data use. Therefore, we proposed an integration of generative adversarial networks (GANs) and probabilistic graphical models for HSI classification. Specifically, we used a spectral-spatial generator and a discriminator to identify land cover categories of hyperspectral cubes. Moreover, to take advantage of a large amount of unlabeled data, we adopted a conditional random field to refine the preliminary classification results generated by GANs. Experimental results obtained using two commonly studied datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework achieved encouraging classification accuracy using a small number of data for training.