Monocular Depth Estimation (MDE) is a fundamental problem in computer vision with numerous applications. Recently, LIDAR-supervised methods have achieved remarkable per-pixel depth accuracy in outdoor scenes. However, significant errors are typically found in the proximity of depth discontinuities, i.e., depth edges, which often hinder the performance of depth-dependent applications that are sensitive to such inaccuracies, e.g., novel view synthesis and augmented reality. Since direct supervision for the location of depth edges is typically unavailable in sparse LIDAR-based scenes, encouraging the MDE model to produce correct depth edges is not straightforward. To the best of our knowledge this paper is the first attempt to address the depth edges issue for LIDAR-supervised scenes. In this work we propose to learn to detect the location of depth edges from densely-supervised synthetic data, and use it to generate supervision for the depth edges in the MDE training. %Despite the 'domain gap' between synthetic and real data, we show that depth edges that are estimated directly are significantly more accurate than the ones that emerge indirectly from the MDE training. To quantitatively evaluate our approach, and due to the lack of depth edges ground truth in LIDAR-based scenes, we manually annotated subsets of the KITTI and the DDAD datasets with depth edges ground truth. We demonstrate significant gains in the accuracy of the depth edges with comparable per-pixel depth accuracy on several challenging datasets.
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Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has proven to be effective in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) with at least 100 billion parameters. However, it is ineffective or even detrimental when applied to reasoning tasks in Smaller Language Models (SLMs) with less than 10 billion parameters. To address this limitation, we introduce Dialogue-guided Chain-of-Thought (DialCoT) which employs a dialogue format to generate intermediate reasoning steps, guiding the model toward the final answer. Additionally, we optimize the model's reasoning path selection using the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm, further enhancing its reasoning capabilities. Our method offers several advantages compared to previous approaches. Firstly, we transform the process of solving complex reasoning questions by breaking them down into a series of simpler sub-questions, significantly reducing the task difficulty and making it more suitable for SLMs. Secondly, we optimize the model's reasoning path selection through the PPO algorithm. We conduct comprehensive experiments on four arithmetic reasoning datasets, demonstrating that our method achieves significant performance improvements compared to state-of-the-art competitors.
In this paper, a media distribution model, Active Control in an Intelligent and Distributed Environment (ACIDE), and solutions are proposed for video and audio livestreaming in mobile wireless networks. A base station and a cluster formed by a number of users are the essential components. Inside a cluster, users can establish peer to peer communications. The users that are members of a cluster are considered peers. This paper addresses the problem of minimizing the bandwidth allocated to a cluster of n peers such that a continuous media play of all the peers is guaranteed. The basic idea is to send the livestream media in packages. A media package is divided into n blocks. The distribution of blocks to the peers of a cluster follows a two-phase, multi-step approach. In phase 1 each peer receives one block with the optimal size from the base station. In phase 2, peers exchange their media blocks simultaneously in a few steps. Then the media package can be reconstructed and a live media can be played continuously. Allocated bandwidth, the amount of bandwidth the base station has to allocate to this cluster in order to play live streaming media without interruptions, is a function of many parameters such as the block sizes, download and upload bandwidth values of peers. This problem is formulated as an optimization problem. A solution is proposed to find the optimal block sizes such that the allocated bandwidth is minimized. Both theoretical model and simulations show that when the number of peers is large, the optimal allocated bandwidth approaches the lower bound that is the bandwidth required for multicasting. In other words, the allocated bandwidth may be reduced n times.
Jina Embeddings constitutes a set of high-performance sentence embedding models adept at translating textual inputs into numerical representations, capturing the semantics of the text. These models excel in applications like dense retrieval and semantic textual similarity. This paper details the development of Jina Embeddings, starting with the creation of high-quality pairwise and triplet datasets. It underlines the crucial role of data cleaning in dataset preparation, offers in-depth insights into the model training process, and concludes with a comprehensive performance evaluation using the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB). Furthermore, to increase the model's awareness of grammatical negation, we construct a novel training and evaluation dataset of negated and non-negated statements, which we make publicly available to the community.
Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is a fundamental problem in robotics and AI, with numerous applications in real-world scenarios. One such scenario is filming scenes with multiple actors, where the goal is to capture the scene from multiple angles simultaneously. Here, we present a formation-based filming directive of task assignment followed by a Conflict-Based MAPF algorithm for efficient path planning of multiple agents to achieve filming objectives while avoiding collisions. We propose an extension to the standard MAPF formulation to accommodate actor-specific requirements and constraints. Our approach incorporates Conflict-Based Search, a widely used heuristic search technique for solving MAPF problems. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through experiments on various MAPF scenarios in a simulated environment. The proposed algorithm enables the efficient online task assignment of formation-based filming to capture dynamic scenes, making it suitable for various filming and coverage applications.
Diffusion-based methods have achieved prominent success in generating 2D media. However, accomplishing similar proficiencies for scene-level mesh texturing in 3D spatial applications, e.g., XR/VR, remains constrained, primarily due to the intricate nature of 3D geometry and the necessity for immersive free-viewpoint rendering. In this paper, we propose a novel indoor scene texturing framework, which delivers text-driven texture generation with enchanting details and authentic spatial coherence. The key insight is to first imagine a stylized 360{\deg} panoramic texture from the central viewpoint of the scene, and then propagate it to the rest areas with inpainting and imitating techniques. To ensure meaningful and aligned textures to the scene, we develop a novel coarse-to-fine panoramic texture generation approach with dual texture alignment, which both considers the geometry and texture cues of the captured scenes. To survive from cluttered geometries during texture propagation, we design a separated strategy, which conducts texture inpainting in confidential regions and then learns an implicit imitating network to synthesize textures in occluded and tiny structural areas. Extensive experiments and the immersive VR application on real-world indoor scenes demonstrate the high quality of the generated textures and the engaging experience on VR headsets. Project webpage: //ybbbbt.com/publication/dreamspace
Text Classification is the most essential and fundamental problem in Natural Language Processing. While numerous recent text classification models applied the sequential deep learning technique, graph neural network-based models can directly deal with complex structured text data and exploit global information. Many real text classification applications can be naturally cast into a graph, which captures words, documents, and corpus global features. In this survey, we bring the coverage of methods up to 2023, including corpus-level and document-level graph neural networks. We discuss each of these methods in detail, dealing with the graph construction mechanisms and the graph-based learning process. As well as the technological survey, we look at issues behind and future directions addressed in text classification using graph neural networks. We also cover datasets, evaluation metrics, and experiment design and present a summary of published performance on the publicly available benchmarks. Note that we present a comprehensive comparison between different techniques and identify the pros and cons of various evaluation metrics in this survey.
Images can convey rich semantics and induce various emotions in viewers. Recently, with the rapid advancement of emotional intelligence and the explosive growth of visual data, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to affective image content analysis (AICA). In this survey, we will comprehensively review the development of AICA in the recent two decades, especially focusing on the state-of-the-art methods with respect to three main challenges -- the affective gap, perception subjectivity, and label noise and absence. We begin with an introduction to the key emotion representation models that have been widely employed in AICA and description of available datasets for performing evaluation with quantitative comparison of label noise and dataset bias. We then summarize and compare the representative approaches on (1) emotion feature extraction, including both handcrafted and deep features, (2) learning methods on dominant emotion recognition, personalized emotion prediction, emotion distribution learning, and learning from noisy data or few labels, and (3) AICA based applications. Finally, we discuss some challenges and promising research directions in the future, such as image content and context understanding, group emotion clustering, and viewer-image interaction.
Deep Learning (DL) is vulnerable to out-of-distribution and adversarial examples resulting in incorrect outputs. To make DL more robust, several posthoc anomaly detection techniques to detect (and discard) these anomalous samples have been proposed in the recent past. This survey tries to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the research on anomaly detection for DL based applications. We provide a taxonomy for existing techniques based on their underlying assumptions and adopted approaches. We discuss various techniques in each of the categories and provide the relative strengths and weaknesses of the approaches. Our goal in this survey is to provide an easier yet better understanding of the techniques belonging to different categories in which research has been done on this topic. Finally, we highlight the unsolved research challenges while applying anomaly detection techniques in DL systems and present some high-impact future research directions.
The problem of Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) consists in following the trajectory of different objects in a sequence, usually a video. In recent years, with the rise of Deep Learning, the algorithms that provide a solution to this problem have benefited from the representational power of deep models. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on works that employ Deep Learning models to solve the task of MOT on single-camera videos. Four main steps in MOT algorithms are identified, and an in-depth review of how Deep Learning was employed in each one of these stages is presented. A complete experimental comparison of the presented works on the three MOTChallenge datasets is also provided, identifying a number of similarities among the top-performing methods and presenting some possible future research directions.
With the advent of deep neural networks, learning-based approaches for 3D reconstruction have gained popularity. However, unlike for images, in 3D there is no canonical representation which is both computationally and memory efficient yet allows for representing high-resolution geometry of arbitrary topology. Many of the state-of-the-art learning-based 3D reconstruction approaches can hence only represent very coarse 3D geometry or are limited to a restricted domain. In this paper, we propose occupancy networks, a new representation for learning-based 3D reconstruction methods. Occupancy networks implicitly represent the 3D surface as the continuous decision boundary of a deep neural network classifier. In contrast to existing approaches, our representation encodes a description of the 3D output at infinite resolution without excessive memory footprint. We validate that our representation can efficiently encode 3D structure and can be inferred from various kinds of input. Our experiments demonstrate competitive results, both qualitatively and quantitatively, for the challenging tasks of 3D reconstruction from single images, noisy point clouds and coarse discrete voxel grids. We believe that occupancy networks will become a useful tool in a wide variety of learning-based 3D tasks.
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