Lung cancer tends to be detected at an advanced stage, resulting in a high patient mortality rate. Thus, much recent research has focused on early disease detection Bronchoscopy is the procedure of choice for an effective noninvasive way of detecting early manifestations (bronchial lesions) of lung cancer. In particular, autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB) discriminates the autofluorescence properties of normal (green) and diseased tissue (reddish brown) with different colors. Because recent studies show AFB's high sensitivity in searching lesions, it has become a potentially pivotal method in bronchoscopic airway exams. Unfortunately, manual inspection of AFB video is extremely tedious and error prone, while limited effort has been expended toward potentially more robust automatic AFB lesion analysis. We propose a real-time (processing throughput of 27 frames/sec) deep-learning architecture dubbed ESFPNet for accurate segmentation and robust detection of bronchial lesions in AFB video streams. The architecture features an encoder structure that exploits pretrained Mix Transformer (MiT) encoders and an efficient stage-wise feature pyramid (ESFP) decoder structure. Segmentation results from the AFB airway-exam videos of 20 lung cancer patients indicate that our approach gives a mean Dice index = 0.756 and an average Intersection of Union = 0.624, results that are superior to those generated by other recent architectures. Thus, ESFPNet gives the physician a potential tool for confident real-time lesion segmentation and detection during a live bronchoscopic airway exam. Moreover, our model shows promising potential applicability to other domains, as evidenced by its state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on the CVC-ClinicDB, ETIS-LaribPolypDB datasets, and superior performance on the Kvasir, CVC-ColonDB datasets.
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Fine-tuning and Domain Adaptation emerged as effective strategies for efficiently transferring deep learning models to new target tasks. However, target domain labels are not accessible in many real-world scenarios. This led to the development of Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) methods, which only employ unlabeled target samples. Furthermore, efficiency and privacy requirements may also prevent the use of source domain data during the adaptation stage. This challenging setting, known as Source-Free Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (SF-UDA), is gaining interest among researchers and practitioners due to its potential for real-world applications. In this paper, we provide the first in-depth analysis of the main design choices in SF-UDA through a large-scale empirical study across 500 models and 74 domain pairs. We pinpoint the normalization approach, pre-training strategy, and backbone architecture as the most critical factors. Based on our quantitative findings, we propose recipes to best tackle SF-UDA scenarios. Moreover, we show that SF-UDA is competitive also beyond standard benchmarks and backbone architectures, performing on par with UDA at a fraction of the data and computational cost. In the interest of reproducibility, we include the full experimental results and code as supplementary material.
Referring image segmentation aims to segment the image region of interest according to the given language expression, which is a typical multi-modal task. One of the critical challenges of this task is to align semantic representations for different modalities including vision and language. To achieve this, previous methods perform cross-modal interactions to update visual features but ignore the role of integrating fine-grained visual features into linguistic features. We present AlignFormer, an end-to-end framework for referring image segmentation. Our AlignFormer views the linguistic feature as the center embedding and segments the region of interest by pixels grouping based on the center embedding. For achieving the pixel-text alignment, we design a Vision-Language Bidirectional Attention module (VLBA) and resort contrastive learning. Concretely, the VLBA enhances visual features by propagating semantic text representations to each pixel and promotes linguistic features by fusing fine-grained image features. Moreover, we introduce the cross-modal instance contrastive loss to alleviate the influence of pixel samples in ambiguous regions and improve the ability to align multi-modal representations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our AlignFormer achieves a new state-of-the-art performance on RefCOCO, RefCOCO+, and RefCOCOg by large margins.
Video Anomaly Event Detection (VAED) is the core technology of intelligent surveillance systems aiming to temporally or spatially locate anomalous events in videos. With the penetration of deep learning, the recent advances in VAED have diverged various routes and achieved significant success. However, most existing reviews focus on traditional and unsupervised VAED methods, lacking attention to emerging weakly-supervised and fully-unsupervised routes. Therefore, this review extends the narrow VAED concept from unsupervised video anomaly detection to Generalized Video Anomaly Event Detection (GVAED), which provides a comprehensive survey that integrates recent works based on different assumptions and learning frameworks into an intuitive taxonomy and coordinates unsupervised, weakly-supervised, fully-unsupervised, and supervised VAED routes. To facilitate future researchers, this review collates and releases research resources such as datasets, available codes, programming tools, and literature. Moreover, this review quantitatively compares the model performance and analyzes the research challenges and possible trends for future work.
A good teaching method is incomprehensible for an autistic child. The autism spectrum disorder is a very diverse phenomenon. It is said that no two autistic children are the same. So, something that works for one child may not be fit for another. The same case is true for their education. Different children need to be approached with different teaching methods. But it is quite hard to identify the appropriate teaching method. As the term itself explains, the autism spectrum disorder is like a spectrum. There are multiple factors to determine the type of autism of a child. A child might even be diagnosed with autism at the age of 9. Such a varied group of children of different ages, but specialized educational institutions still tend to them more or less the same way. This is where machine learning techniques can be applied to find a better way to identify a suitable teaching method for each of them. By analyzing their physical, verbal and behavioral performance, the proper teaching method can be suggested much more precisely compared to a diagnosis result. As a result, more children with autistic spectrum disorder can get better education that suits their needs the best.
Random-feature-based attention (RFA) is an efficient approximation of softmax attention with linear runtime and space complexity. However, the approximation gap between RFA and conventional softmax attention is not well studied. Built upon previous progress of RFA, we characterize this gap through the lens of control variates and show that RFA can be decomposed into a sum of multiple control variate estimators for each element in the sequence. This new framework reveals that exact softmax attention can be recovered from RFA by manipulating each control variate. Besides, it allows us to develop a more flexible form of control variates, resulting in a novel attention mechanism that significantly reduces the approximation gap while maintaining linear complexity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model outperforms state-of-the-art efficient attention mechanisms on both vision and language tasks.
Every Scene Text Recognition (STR) task consists of text localization \& text recognition as the prominent sub-tasks. However, in real-world applications with fixed camera positions such as equipment monitor reading, image-based data entry, and printed document data extraction, the underlying data tends to be regular scene text. Hence, in these tasks, the use of generic, bulky models comes up with significant disadvantages compared to customized, efficient models in terms of model deployability, data privacy \& model reliability. Therefore, this paper introduces the underlying concepts, theory, implementation, and experiment results to develop models, which are highly specialized for the task itself, to achieve not only the SOTA performance but also to have minimal model weights, shorter inference time, and high model reliability. We introduce a novel deep learning architecture (GeoTRNet), trained to identify digits in a regular scene image, only using the geometrical features present, mimicking human perception over text recognition. The code is publicly available at //github.com/ACRA-FL/GeoTRNet
The considerable significance of Anomaly Detection (AD) problem has recently drawn the attention of many researchers. Consequently, the number of proposed methods in this research field has been increased steadily. AD strongly correlates with the important computer vision and image processing tasks such as image/video anomaly, irregularity and sudden event detection. More recently, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) offer a high performance set of solutions, but at the expense of a heavy computational cost. However, there is a noticeable gap between the previously proposed methods and an applicable real-word approach. Regarding the raised concerns about AD as an ongoing challenging problem, notably in images and videos, the time has come to argue over the pitfalls and prospects of methods have attempted to deal with visual AD tasks. Hereupon, in this survey we intend to conduct an in-depth investigation into the images/videos deep learning based AD methods. We also discuss current challenges and future research directions thoroughly.
Conventionally, spatiotemporal modeling network and its complexity are the two most concentrated research topics in video action recognition. Existing state-of-the-art methods have achieved excellent accuracy regardless of the complexity meanwhile efficient spatiotemporal modeling solutions are slightly inferior in performance. In this paper, we attempt to acquire both efficiency and effectiveness simultaneously. First of all, besides traditionally treating H x W x T video frames as space-time signal (viewing from the Height-Width spatial plane), we propose to also model video from the other two Height-Time and Width-Time planes, to capture the dynamics of video thoroughly. Secondly, our model is designed based on 2D CNN backbones and model complexity is well kept in mind by design. Specifically, we introduce a novel multi-view fusion (MVF) module to exploit video dynamics using separable convolution for efficiency. It is a plug-and-play module and can be inserted into off-the-shelf 2D CNNs to form a simple yet effective model called MVFNet. Moreover, MVFNet can be thought of as a generalized video modeling framework and it can specialize to be existing methods such as C2D, SlowOnly, and TSM under different settings. Extensive experiments are conducted on popular benchmarks (i.e., Something-Something V1 & V2, Kinetics, UCF-101, and HMDB-51) to show its superiority. The proposed MVFNet can achieve state-of-the-art performance with 2D CNN's complexity.
Image segmentation is a key topic in image processing and computer vision with applications such as scene understanding, medical image analysis, robotic perception, video surveillance, augmented reality, and image compression, among many others. Various algorithms for image segmentation have been developed in the literature. Recently, due to the success of deep learning models in a wide range of vision applications, there has been a substantial amount of works aimed at developing image segmentation approaches using deep learning models. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature at the time of this writing, covering a broad spectrum of pioneering works for semantic and instance-level segmentation, including fully convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multi-scale and pyramid based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings. We investigate the similarity, strengths and challenges of these deep learning models, examine the most widely used datasets, report performances, and discuss promising future research directions in this area.
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a special type of Neural Networks, which have shown state-of-the-art results on various competitive benchmarks. The powerful learning ability of deep CNN is largely achieved with the use of multiple non-linear feature extraction stages that can automatically learn hierarchical representation from the data. Availability of a large amount of data and improvements in the hardware processing units have accelerated the research in CNNs and recently very interesting deep CNN architectures are reported. The recent race in deep CNN architectures for achieving high performance on the challenging benchmarks has shown that the innovative architectural ideas, as well as parameter optimization, can improve the CNN performance on various vision-related tasks. In this regard, different ideas in the CNN design have been explored such as use of different activation and loss functions, parameter optimization, regularization, and restructuring of processing units. However, the major improvement in representational capacity is achieved by the restructuring of the processing units. Especially, the idea of using a block as a structural unit instead of a layer is gaining substantial appreciation. This survey thus focuses on the intrinsic taxonomy present in the recently reported CNN architectures and consequently, classifies the recent innovations in CNN architectures into seven different categories. These seven categories are based on spatial exploitation, depth, multi-path, width, feature map exploitation, channel boosting and attention. Additionally, it covers the elementary understanding of the CNN components and sheds light on the current challenges and applications of CNNs.
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