With the rapid advancements in deep learning technologies, person re-identification (ReID) has witnessed remarkable performance improvements. However, the majority of prior works have traditionally focused on solving the problem via extracting features solely from a single perspective, such as uniform partitioning, hard attention mechanisms, or semantic masks. While these approaches have demonstrated efficacy within specific contexts, they fall short in diverse situations. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, Mutual Distillation Learning For Person Re-identification (termed as MDPR), which addresses the challenging problem from multiple perspectives within a single unified model, leveraging the power of mutual distillation to enhance the feature representations collectively. Specifically, our approach encompasses two branches: a hard content branch to extract local features via a uniform horizontal partitioning strategy and a Soft Content Branch to dynamically distinguish between foreground and background and facilitate the extraction of multi-granularity features via a carefully designed attention mechanism. To facilitate knowledge exchange between these two branches, a mutual distillation and fusion process is employed, promoting the capability of the outputs of each branch. Extensive experiments are conducted on widely used person ReID datasets to validate the effectiveness and superiority of our approach. Notably, our method achieves an impressive $88.7\%/94.4\%$ in mAP/Rank-1 on the DukeMTMC-reID dataset, surpassing the current state-of-the-art results. Our source code is available at //github.com/KuilongCui/MDPR.
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With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), various explorations have arisen to utilize LLMs capability of context understanding on recommender systems. While pioneering strategies have primarily transformed traditional recommendation tasks into challenges of natural language generation, there has been a relative scarcity of exploration in the domain of session-based recommendation (SBR) due to its specificity. SBR has been primarily dominated by Graph Neural Networks, which have achieved many successful outcomes due to their ability to capture both the implicit and explicit relationships between adjacent behaviors. The structural nature of graphs contrasts with the essence of natural language, posing a significant adaptation gap for LLMs. In this paper, we introduce large language models with graphical Session-Based recommendation, named LLMGR, an effective framework that bridges the aforementioned gap by harmoniously integrating LLMs with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for SBR tasks. This integration seeks to leverage the complementary strengths of LLMs in natural language understanding and GNNs in relational data processing, leading to a more powerful session-based recommender system that can understand and recommend items within a session. Moreover, to endow the LLM with the capability to empower SBR tasks, we design a series of prompts for both auxiliary and major instruction tuning tasks. These prompts are crafted to assist the LLM in understanding graph-structured data and align textual information with nodes, effectively translating nuanced user interactions into a format that can be understood and utilized by LLM architectures. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that LLMGR outperforms several competitive baselines, indicating its effectiveness in enhancing SBR tasks and its potential as a research direction for future exploration.
This letter studies the performance of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided communications for a fluid antenna system (FAS) enabled receiver. Specifically, a fixed singleantenna base station (BS) transmits information through a RIS to a mobile user (MU) which is equipped with a planar fluid antenna in the absence of a direct link.We first analyze the spatial correlation structures among the positions (or ports) in the planar FAS, and then derive the joint distribution of the equivalent channel gain at the user by exploiting the central limit theorem. Furthermore, we obtain compact analytical expressions for the outage probability (OP) and delay outage rate (DOR). Numerical results illustrate that using FAS with only one activated port into the RIS-aided communication network can greatly enhance the performance, when compared to traditional antenna systems (TAS).
In the field of intelligent multimedia analysis, ultra-fine-grained visual categorization (Ultra-FGVC) plays a vital role in distinguishing intricate subcategories within broader categories. However, this task is inherently challenging due to the complex granularity of category subdivisions and the limited availability of data for each category. To address these challenges, this work proposes CSDNet, a pioneering framework that effectively explores contrastive learning and self-distillation to learn discriminative representations specifically designed for Ultra-FGVC tasks. CSDNet comprises three main modules: Subcategory-Specific Discrepancy Parsing (SSDP), Dynamic Discrepancy Learning (DDL), and Subcategory-Specific Discrepancy Transfer (SSDT), which collectively enhance the generalization of deep models across instance, feature, and logit prediction levels. To increase the diversity of training samples, the SSDP module introduces adaptive augmented samples to spotlight subcategory-specific discrepancies. Simultaneously, the proposed DDL module stores historical intermediate features by a dynamic memory queue, which optimizes the feature learning space through iterative contrastive learning. Furthermore, the SSDT module effectively distills subcategory-specific discrepancies knowledge from the inherent structure of limited training data using a self-distillation paradigm at the logit prediction level. Experimental results demonstrate that CSDNet outperforms current state-of-the-art Ultra-FGVC methods, emphasizing its powerful efficacy and adaptability in addressing Ultra-FGVC tasks.
Editing signals using large pre-trained models, in a zero-shot manner, has recently seen rapid advancements in the image domain. However, this wave has yet to reach the audio domain. In this paper, we explore two zero-shot editing techniques for audio signals, which use DDPM inversion on pre-trained diffusion models. The first, adopted from the image domain, allows text-based editing. The second, is a novel approach for discovering semantically meaningful editing directions without supervision. When applied to music signals, this method exposes a range of musically interesting modifications, from controlling the participation of specific instruments to improvisations on the melody. Samples and code can be found on our examples page in //hilamanor.github.io/AudioEditing/ .
Previous work has showcased the intriguing capability of large language models (LLMs) in retrieving facts and processing context knowledge. However, only limited research exists on the layer-wise capability of LLMs to encode knowledge, which challenges our understanding of their internal mechanisms. In this paper, we devote the first attempt to investigate the layer-wise capability of LLMs through probing tasks. We leverage the powerful generative capability of ChatGPT to construct probing datasets, providing diverse and coherent evidence corresponding to various facts. We employ $\mathcal V$-usable information as the validation metric to better reflect the capability in encoding context knowledge across different layers. Our experiments on conflicting and newly acquired knowledge show that LLMs: (1) prefer to encode more context knowledge in the upper layers; (2) primarily encode context knowledge within knowledge-related entity tokens at lower layers while progressively expanding more knowledge within other tokens at upper layers; and (3) gradually forget the earlier context knowledge retained within the intermediate layers when provided with irrelevant evidence. Code is publicly available at //github.com/Jometeorie/probing_llama.
Recent advances in the theory of Neural Operators (NOs) have enabled fast and accurate computation of the solutions to complex systems described by partial differential equations (PDEs). Despite their great success, current NO-based solutions face important challenges when dealing with spatio-temporal PDEs over long time scales. Specifically, the current theory of NOs does not present a systematic framework to perform data assimilation and efficiently correct the evolution of PDE solutions over time based on sparsely sampled noisy measurements. In this paper, we propose a learning-based state-space approach to compute the solution operators to infinite-dimensional semilinear PDEs. Exploiting the structure of semilinear PDEs and the theory of nonlinear observers in function spaces, we develop a flexible recursive method that allows for both prediction and data assimilation by combining prediction and correction operations. The proposed framework is capable of producing fast and accurate predictions over long time horizons, dealing with irregularly sampled noisy measurements to correct the solution, and benefits from the decoupling between the spatial and temporal dynamics of this class of PDEs. We show through experiments on the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky, Navier-Stokes and Korteweg-de Vries equations that the proposed model is robust to noise and can leverage arbitrary amounts of measurements to correct its prediction over a long time horizon with little computational overhead.
Designers often create visualizations to achieve specific high-level analytical or communication goals. These goals require people to naturally extract complex, contextualized, and interconnected patterns in data. While limited prior work has studied general high-level interpretation, prevailing perceptual studies of visualization effectiveness primarily focus on isolated, predefined, low-level tasks, such as estimating statistical quantities. This study more holistically explores visualization interpretation to examine the alignment between designers' communicative goals and what their audience sees in a visualization, which we refer to as their comprehension. We found that statistics people effectively estimate from visualizations in classical graphical perception studies may differ from the patterns people intuitively comprehend in a visualization. We conducted a qualitative study on three types of visualizations -- line graphs, bar graphs, and scatterplots -- to investigate the high-level patterns people naturally draw from a visualization. Participants described a series of graphs using natural language and think-aloud protocols. We found that comprehension varies with a range of factors, including graph complexity and data distribution. Specifically, 1) a visualization's stated objective often does not align with people's comprehension, 2) results from traditional experiments may not predict the knowledge people build with a graph, and 3) chart type alone is insufficient to predict the information people extract from a graph. Our study confirms the importance of defining visualization effectiveness from multiple perspectives to assess and inform visualization practices.
Recent advancements in Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have shown promising results in mathematical reasoning within visual contexts, with models approaching human-level performance on existing benchmarks such as MathVista. However, we observe significant limitations in the diversity of questions and breadth of subjects covered by these benchmarks. To address this issue, we present the MATH-Vision (MATH-V) dataset, a meticulously curated collection of 3,040 high-quality mathematical problems with visual contexts sourced from real math competitions. Spanning 16 distinct mathematical disciplines and graded across 5 levels of difficulty, our dataset provides a comprehensive and diverse set of challenges for evaluating the mathematical reasoning abilities of LMMs. Through extensive experimentation, we unveil a notable performance gap between current LMMs and human performance on MATH-V, underscoring the imperative for further advancements in LMMs. Moreover, our detailed categorization allows for a thorough error analysis of LMMs, offering valuable insights to guide future research and development. The project is available at //mathvision-cuhk.github.io
Map representation learned by expert demonstrations has shown promising research value. However, recent advancements in the visual navigation field face challenges due to the lack of human datasets in the real world for efficient supervised representation learning of the environments. We present a Landmark-Aware Visual Navigation (LAVN) dataset to allow for supervised learning of human-centric exploration policies and map building. We collect RGB observation and human point-click pairs as a human annotator explores virtual and real-world environments with the goal of full coverage exploration of the space. The human annotators also provide distinct landmark examples along each trajectory, which we intuit will simplify the task of map or graph building and localization. These human point-clicks serve as direct supervision for waypoint prediction when learning to explore in environments. Our dataset covers a wide spectrum of scenes, including rooms in indoor environments, as well as walkways outdoors. Dataset is available at DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10608067.
Multi-relation Question Answering is a challenging task, due to the requirement of elaborated analysis on questions and reasoning over multiple fact triples in knowledge base. In this paper, we present a novel model called Interpretable Reasoning Network that employs an interpretable, hop-by-hop reasoning process for question answering. The model dynamically decides which part of an input question should be analyzed at each hop; predicts a relation that corresponds to the current parsed results; utilizes the predicted relation to update the question representation and the state of the reasoning process; and then drives the next-hop reasoning. Experiments show that our model yields state-of-the-art results on two datasets. More interestingly, the model can offer traceable and observable intermediate predictions for reasoning analysis and failure diagnosis, thereby allowing manual manipulation in predicting the final answer.
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