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This paper explores the use of self-supervised deep learning in medical imaging in cases where two scan modalities are available for the same subject. Specifically, we use a large publicly-available dataset of over 20,000 subjects from the UK Biobank with both whole body Dixon technique magnetic resonance (MR) scans and also dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. We make three contributions: (i) We introduce a multi-modal image-matching contrastive framework, that is able to learn to match different-modality scans of the same subject with high accuracy. (ii) Without any adaption, we show that the correspondences learnt during this contrastive training step can be used to perform automatic cross-modal scan registration in a completely unsupervised manner. (iii) Finally, we use these registrations to transfer segmentation maps from the DXA scans to the MR scans where they are used to train a network to segment anatomical regions without requiring ground-truth MR examples. To aid further research, our code will be made publicly available.

Importance of structured-light based one-shot scanning technique is increasing because of its simple system configuration and ability of capturing moving objects. One severe limitation of the technique is that it can capture only sparse shape, but not high frequency shapes, because certain area of projection pattern is required to encode spatial information. In this paper, we propose a technique to recover high-frequency shapes by using shading information, which is captured by one-shot RGB-D sensor based on structured light with single camera. Since color image comprises shading information of object surface, high-frequency shapes can be recovered by shape from shading techniques. Although multiple images with different lighting positions are required for shape from shading techniques, we propose a learning based approach to recover shape from a single image. In addition, to overcome the problem of preparing sufficient amount of data for training, we propose a new data augmentation method for high-frequency shapes using synthetic data and domain adaptation. Experimental results are shown to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Given a picture of a chair, could we extract the 3-D shape of the chair, animate its plausible articulations and motions, and render in-situ in its original image space? The above question prompts us to devise an automated approach to extract and manipulate articulated objects in single images. Comparing with previous efforts on object manipulation, our work goes beyond 2-D manipulation and focuses on articulable objects, thus introduces greater flexibility for possible object deformations. The pipeline of our approach starts by reconstructing and refining a 3-D mesh representation of the object of interest from an input image; its control joints are predicted by exploiting the semantic part segmentation information; the obtained object 3-D mesh is then rigged \& animated by non-rigid deformation, and rendered to perform in-situ motions in its original image space. Quantitative evaluations are carried out on 3-D reconstruction from single images, an established task that is related to our pipeline, where our results surpass those of the SOTAs by a noticeable margin. Extensive visual results also demonstrate the applicability of our approach.

In this work, we present the development of a new database, namely Sound Localization and Classification (SLoClas) corpus, for studying and analyzing sound localization and classification. The corpus contains a total of 23.27 hours of data recorded using a 4-channel microphone array. 10 classes of sounds are played over a loudspeaker at 1.5 meters distance from the array by varying the Direction-of-Arrival (DoA) from 1 degree to 360 degree at an interval of 5 degree. To facilitate the study of noise robustness, 6 types of outdoor noise are recorded at 4 DoAs, using the same devices. Moreover, we propose a baseline method, namely Sound Localization and Classification Network (SLCnet) and present the experimental results and analysis conducted on the collected SLoClas database. We achieve the accuracy of 95.21% and 80.01% for sound localization and classification, respectively. We publicly release this database and the source code for research purpose.

The advancements in deep learning technologies have produced immense contribution to biomedical image analysis applications. With breast cancer being the common deadliest disease among women, early detection is the key means to improve survivability. Medical imaging like ultrasound presents an excellent visual representation of the functioning of the organs; however, for any radiologist analysing such scans is challenging and time consuming which delays the diagnosis process. Although various deep learning based approaches are proposed that achieved promising results, the present article introduces an efficient residual cross-spatial attention guided inception U-Net (RCA-IUnet) model with minimal training parameters for tumor segmentation using breast ultrasound imaging to further improve the segmentation performance of varying tumor sizes. The RCA-IUnet model follows U-Net topology with residual inception depth-wise separable convolution and hybrid pooling (max pooling and spectral pooling) layers. In addition, cross-spatial attention filters are added to suppress the irrelevant features and focus on the target structure. The segmentation performance of the proposed model is validated on two publicly available datasets using standard segmentation evaluation metrics, where it outperformed the other state-of-the-art segmentation models.

Visual information extraction (VIE) has attracted considerable attention recently owing to its various advanced applications such as document understanding, automatic marking and intelligent education. Most existing works decoupled this problem into several independent sub-tasks of text spotting (text detection and recognition) and information extraction, which completely ignored the high correlation among them during optimization. In this paper, we propose a robust visual information extraction system (VIES) towards real-world scenarios, which is a unified end-to-end trainable framework for simultaneous text detection, recognition and information extraction by taking a single document image as input and outputting the structured information. Specifically, the information extraction branch collects abundant visual and semantic representations from text spotting for multimodal feature fusion and conversely, provides higher-level semantic clues to contribute to the optimization of text spotting. Moreover, regarding the shortage of public benchmarks, we construct a fully-annotated dataset called EPHOIE (//github.com/HCIILAB/EPHOIE), which is the first Chinese benchmark for both text spotting and visual information extraction. EPHOIE consists of 1,494 images of examination paper head with complex layouts and background, including a total of 15,771 Chinese handwritten or printed text instances. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our VIES shows significant superior performance on the EPHOIE dataset and achieves a 9.01% F-score gain on the widely used SROIE dataset under the end-to-end scenario.

Traditional approaches for Visual Question Answering (VQA) require large amount of labeled data for training. Unfortunately, such large scale data is usually not available for medical domain. In this paper, we propose a novel medical VQA framework that overcomes the labeled data limitation. The proposed framework explores the use of the unsupervised Denoising Auto-Encoder (DAE) and the supervised Meta-Learning. The advantage of DAE is to leverage the large amount of unlabeled images while the advantage of Meta-Learning is to learn meta-weights that quickly adapt to VQA problem with limited labeled data. By leveraging the advantages of these techniques, it allows the proposed framework to be efficiently trained using a small labeled training set. The experimental results show that our proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art medical VQA.

This work addresses a novel and challenging problem of estimating the full 3D hand shape and pose from a single RGB image. Most current methods in 3D hand analysis from monocular RGB images only focus on estimating the 3D locations of hand keypoints, which cannot fully express the 3D shape of hand. In contrast, we propose a Graph Convolutional Neural Network (Graph CNN) based method to reconstruct a full 3D mesh of hand surface that contains richer information of both 3D hand shape and pose. To train networks with full supervision, we create a large-scale synthetic dataset containing both ground truth 3D meshes and 3D poses. When fine-tuning the networks on real-world datasets without 3D ground truth, we propose a weakly-supervised approach by leveraging the depth map as a weak supervision in training. Through extensive evaluations on our proposed new datasets and two public datasets, we show that our proposed method can produce accurate and reasonable 3D hand mesh, and can achieve superior 3D hand pose estimation accuracy when compared with state-of-the-art methods.

Deep neural network models used for medical image segmentation are large because they are trained with high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) images. Graphics processing units (GPUs) are widely used to accelerate the trainings. However, the memory on a GPU is not large enough to train the models. A popular approach to tackling this problem is patch-based method, which divides a large image into small patches and trains the models with these small patches. However, this method would degrade the segmentation quality if a target object spans multiple patches. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for 3D medical image segmentation that utilizes the data-swapping, which swaps out intermediate data from GPU memory to CPU memory to enlarge the effective GPU memory size, for training high-resolution 3D medical images without patching. We carefully tuned parameters in the data-swapping method to obtain the best training performance for 3D U-Net, a widely used deep neural network model for medical image segmentation. We applied our tuning to train 3D U-Net with full-size images of 192 x 192 x 192 voxels in brain tumor dataset. As a result, communication overhead, which is the most important issue, was reduced by 17.1%. Compared with the patch-based method for patches of 128 x 128 x 128 voxels, our training for full-size images achieved improvement on the mean Dice score by 4.48% and 5.32 % for detecting whole tumor sub-region and tumor core sub-region, respectively. The total training time was reduced from 164 hours to 47 hours, resulting in 3.53 times of acceleration.

Deep learning has shown promising results in medical image analysis, however, the lack of very large annotated datasets confines its full potential. Although transfer learning with ImageNet pre-trained classification models can alleviate the problem, constrained image sizes and model complexities can lead to unnecessary increase in computational cost and decrease in performance. As many common morphological features are usually shared by different classification tasks of an organ, it is greatly beneficial if we can extract such features to improve classification with limited samples. Therefore, inspired by the idea of curriculum learning, we propose a strategy for building medical image classifiers using features from segmentation networks. By using a segmentation network pre-trained on similar data as the classification task, the machine can first learn the simpler shape and structural concepts before tackling the actual classification problem which usually involves more complicated concepts. Using our proposed framework on a 3D three-class brain tumor type classification problem, we achieved 82% accuracy on 191 testing samples with 91 training samples. When applying to a 2D nine-class cardiac semantic level classification problem, we achieved 86% accuracy on 263 testing samples with 108 training samples. Comparisons with ImageNet pre-trained classifiers and classifiers trained from scratch are presented.