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While recommender systems have significantly benefited from implicit feedback, they have often missed the nuances of multi-behavior interactions between users and items. Historically, these systems either amalgamated all behaviors, such as \textit{impression} (formerly \textit{view}), \textit{add-to-cart}, and \textit{buy}, under a singular 'interaction' label, or prioritized only the target behavior, often the \textit{buy} action, discarding valuable auxiliary signals. Although recent advancements tried addressing this simplification, they primarily gravitated towards optimizing the target behavior alone, battling with data scarcity. Additionally, they tended to bypass the nuanced hierarchy intrinsic to behaviors. To bridge these gaps, we introduce the \textbf{H}ierarchical \textbf{M}ulti-behavior \textbf{G}raph Attention \textbf{N}etwork (HMGN). This pioneering framework leverages attention mechanisms to discern information from both inter and intra-behaviors while employing a multi-task Hierarchical Bayesian Personalized Ranking (HBPR) for optimization. Recognizing the need for scalability, our approach integrates a specialized multi-behavior sub-graph sampling technique. Moreover, the adaptability of HMGN allows for the seamless inclusion of knowledge metadata and time-series data. Empirical results attest to our model's prowess, registering a notable performance boost of up to 64\% in NDCG@100 metrics over conventional graph neural network methods.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), although adept at aerial surveillance, are often constrained by limited battery capacity. By refueling on slow-moving Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs), their operational endurance can be significantly enhanced. This paper explores the computationally complex problem of cooperative UAV-UGV routing for vast area surveillance within the speed and fuel constraints, presenting a sequential multi-agent planning framework for achieving feasible and optimally satisfactory solutions. By considering the UAV fuel limits and utilizing a minimum set cover algorithm, we determine UGV refueling stops, which in turn facilitate UGV route planning at the first step and through a task allocation technique and energy constrained vehicle routing problem modeling with time windows (E-VRPTW) we achieve the UAV route at the second step of the framework. The effectiveness of our multi-agent strategy is demonstrated through the implementation on 30 different task scenarios across 3 different scales. This work offers significant insight into the collaborative advantages of UAV-UGV systems and introduces heuristic approaches to bypass computational challenges and swiftly reach high-quality solutions.

The brain's spatial orientation system uses different neuron ensembles to aid in environment-based navigation. Two of the ways brains encode spatial information is through head direction cells and grid cells. Brains use head direction cells to determine orientation whereas grid cells consist of layers of decked neurons that overlay to provide environment-based navigation. These neurons fire in ensembles where several neurons fire at once to activate a single head direction or grid. We want to capture this firing structure and use it to decode head direction grid cell data. Understanding, representing, and decoding these neural structures requires models that encompass higher order connectivity, more than the 1-dimensional connectivity that traditional graph-based models provide. To that end, in this work, we develop a topological deep learning framework for neural spike train decoding. Our framework combines unsupervised simplicial complex discovery with the power of deep learning via a new architecture we develop herein called a simplicial convolutional recurrent neural network. Simplicial complexes, topological spaces that use not only vertices and edges but also higher-dimensional objects, naturally generalize graphs and capture more than just pairwise relationships. Additionally, this approach does not require prior knowledge of the neural activity beyond spike counts, which removes the need for similarity measurements. The effectiveness and versatility of the simplicial convolutional neural network is demonstrated on head direction and trajectory prediction via head direction and grid cell datasets.

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved tremendous success in the task of graph classification and its diverse downstream real-world applications. Despite the huge success in learning graph representations, current GNN models have demonstrated their vulnerability to potentially existent adversarial examples on graph-structured data. Existing approaches are either limited to structure attacks or restricted to local information, urging for the design of a more general attack framework on graph classification, which faces significant challenges due to the complexity of generating local-node-level adversarial examples using the global-graph-level information. To address this "global-to-local" attack challenge, we present a novel and general framework to generate adversarial examples via manipulating graph structure and node features. Specifically, we make use of Graph Class Activation Mapping and its variant to produce node-level importance corresponding to the graph classification task. Then through a heuristic design of algorithms, we can perform both feature and structure attacks under unnoticeable perturbation budgets with the help of both node-level and subgraph-level importance. Experiments towards attacking four state-of-the-art graph classification models on six real-world benchmarks verify the flexibility and effectiveness of our framework.

Robotic manipulation tasks, such as object rearrangement, play a crucial role in enabling robots to interact with complex and arbitrary environments. Existing work focuses primarily on single-level rearrangement planning and, even if multiple levels exist, dependency relations among substructures are geometrically simpler, like tower stacking. We propose Structural Concept Learning (SCL), a deep learning approach that leverages graph attention networks to perform multi-level object rearrangement planning for scenes with structural dependency hierarchies. It is trained on a self-generated simulation data set with intuitive structures, works for unseen scenes with an arbitrary number of objects and higher complexity of structures, infers independent substructures to allow for task parallelization over multiple manipulators, and generalizes to the real world. We compare our method with a range of classical and model-based baselines to show that our method leverages its scene understanding to achieve better performance, flexibility, and efficiency. The dataset, supplementary details, videos, and code implementation are available at: //manavkulshrestha.github.io/scl

Graphs are important data representations for describing objects and their relationships, which appear in a wide diversity of real-world scenarios. As one of a critical problem in this area, graph generation considers learning the distributions of given graphs and generating more novel graphs. Owing to their wide range of applications, generative models for graphs, which have a rich history, however, are traditionally hand-crafted and only capable of modeling a few statistical properties of graphs. Recent advances in deep generative models for graph generation is an important step towards improving the fidelity of generated graphs and paves the way for new kinds of applications. This article provides an extensive overview of the literature in the field of deep generative models for graph generation. Firstly, the formal definition of deep generative models for the graph generation and the preliminary knowledge are provided. Secondly, taxonomies of deep generative models for both unconditional and conditional graph generation are proposed respectively; the existing works of each are compared and analyzed. After that, an overview of the evaluation metrics in this specific domain is provided. Finally, the applications that deep graph generation enables are summarized and five promising future research directions are highlighted.

Vast amount of data generated from networks of sensors, wearables, and the Internet of Things (IoT) devices underscores the need for advanced modeling techniques that leverage the spatio-temporal structure of decentralized data due to the need for edge computation and licensing (data access) issues. While federated learning (FL) has emerged as a framework for model training without requiring direct data sharing and exchange, effectively modeling the complex spatio-temporal dependencies to improve forecasting capabilities still remains an open problem. On the other hand, state-of-the-art spatio-temporal forecasting models assume unfettered access to the data, neglecting constraints on data sharing. To bridge this gap, we propose a federated spatio-temporal model -- Cross-Node Federated Graph Neural Network (CNFGNN) -- which explicitly encodes the underlying graph structure using graph neural network (GNN)-based architecture under the constraint of cross-node federated learning, which requires that data in a network of nodes is generated locally on each node and remains decentralized. CNFGNN operates by disentangling the temporal dynamics modeling on devices and spatial dynamics on the server, utilizing alternating optimization to reduce the communication cost, facilitating computations on the edge devices. Experiments on the traffic flow forecasting task show that CNFGNN achieves the best forecasting performance in both transductive and inductive learning settings with no extra computation cost on edge devices, while incurring modest communication cost.

Seamlessly interacting with humans or robots is hard because these agents are non-stationary. They update their policy in response to the ego agent's behavior, and the ego agent must anticipate these changes to co-adapt. Inspired by humans, we recognize that robots do not need to explicitly model every low-level action another agent will make; instead, we can capture the latent strategy of other agents through high-level representations. We propose a reinforcement learning-based framework for learning latent representations of an agent's policy, where the ego agent identifies the relationship between its behavior and the other agent's future strategy. The ego agent then leverages these latent dynamics to influence the other agent, purposely guiding them towards policies suitable for co-adaptation. Across several simulated domains and a real-world air hockey game, our approach outperforms the alternatives and learns to influence the other agent.

Knowledge graph embedding, which aims to represent entities and relations as low dimensional vectors (or matrices, tensors, etc.), has been shown to be a powerful technique for predicting missing links in knowledge graphs. Existing knowledge graph embedding models mainly focus on modeling relation patterns such as symmetry/antisymmetry, inversion, and composition. However, many existing approaches fail to model semantic hierarchies, which are common in real-world applications. To address this challenge, we propose a novel knowledge graph embedding model---namely, Hierarchy-Aware Knowledge Graph Embedding (HAKE)---which maps entities into the polar coordinate system. HAKE is inspired by the fact that concentric circles in the polar coordinate system can naturally reflect the hierarchy. Specifically, the radial coordinate aims to model entities at different levels of the hierarchy, and entities with smaller radii are expected to be at higher levels; the angular coordinate aims to distinguish entities at the same level of the hierarchy, and these entities are expected to have roughly the same radii but different angles. Experiments demonstrate that HAKE can effectively model the semantic hierarchies in knowledge graphs, and significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets for the link prediction task.

Detecting carried objects is one of the requirements for developing systems to reason about activities involving people and objects. We present an approach to detect carried objects from a single video frame with a novel method that incorporates features from multiple scales. Initially, a foreground mask in a video frame is segmented into multi-scale superpixels. Then the human-like regions in the segmented area are identified by matching a set of extracted features from superpixels against learned features in a codebook. A carried object probability map is generated using the complement of the matching probabilities of superpixels to human-like regions and background information. A group of superpixels with high carried object probability and strong edge support is then merged to obtain the shape of the carried object. We applied our method to two challenging datasets, and results show that our method is competitive with or better than the state-of-the-art.