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With the rapid development of AI technology, we have witnessed numerous innovations and conveniences. However, along with these advancements come privacy threats and risks. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) emerges as a key technology for privacy-preserving computation, enabling computations while maintaining data privacy. Nevertheless, FHE has limitations in processing continuous non-polynomial functions as it is restricted to discrete integers and supports only addition and multiplication. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) operate on discrete spike signals, naturally aligning with the properties of FHE. In this paper, we present a framework called FHE-DiCSNN. This framework is based on the efficient TFHE scheme and leverages the discrete properties of SNNs to achieve high prediction performance on ciphertexts. Firstly, by employing bootstrapping techniques, we successfully implement computations of the Leaky Integrate-and-Fire neuron model on ciphertexts. Through bootstrapping, we can facilitate computations for SNNs of arbitrary depth. This framework can be extended to other spiking neuron models, providing a novel framework for the homomorphic evaluation of SNNs. Secondly, inspired by CNNs, we adopt convolutional methods to replace Poisson encoding. This not only enhances accuracy but also mitigates the issue of prolonged simulation time caused by random encoding. Furthermore, we employ engineering techniques to parallelize the computation of bootstrapping, resulting in a significant improvement in computational efficiency. Finally, we evaluate our model on the MNIST dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that, with the optimal parameter configuration, FHE-DiCSNN achieves an accuracy of 97.94% on ciphertexts, with a loss of only 0.53% compared to the original network's accuracy of 98.47%. Moreover, each prediction requires only 0.75 seconds of computation time

In this work, we propose to utilize a variational autoencoder (VAE) for channel estimation (CE) in underdetermined (UD) systems. The basis of the method forms a recently proposed concept in which a VAE is trained on channel state information (CSI) data and used to parameterize an approximation to the mean squared error (MSE)-optimal estimator. The contributions in this work extend the existing framework from fully-determined (FD) to UD systems, which are of high practical relevance. Particularly noteworthy is the extension of the estimator variant, which does not require perfect CSI during its offline training phase. This is a significant advantage compared to most other deep learning (DL)-based CE methods, where perfect CSI during the training phase is a crucial prerequisite. Numerical simulations for hybrid and wideband systems demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed methods compared to related estimators.

In this work, we develop a novel efficient quadrature and sparse grid based polynomial interpolation method to price American options with multiple underlying assets. The approach is based on first formulating the pricing of American options using dynamic programming, and then employing static sparse grids to interpolate the continuation value function at each time step. To achieve high efficiency, we first transform the domain from $\mathbb{R}^d$ to $(-1,1)^d$ via a scaled tanh map, and then remove the boundary singularity of the resulting multivariate function over $(-1,1)^d$ by a bubble function and simultaneously, to significantly reduce the number of interpolation points. We rigorously establish that with a proper choice of the bubble function, the resulting function has bounded mixed derivatives up to a certain order, which provides theoretical underpinnings for the use of sparse grids. Numerical experiments for American arithmetic and geometric basket put options with the number of underlying assets up to 16 are presented to validate the effectiveness of the approach.

Tydi is an open specification for streaming dataflow designs in digital circuits, allowing designers to express how composite and variable-length data structures are transferred over streams using clear, data-centric types. These data types are extensively used in a many application domains, such as big data and SQL applications. This way, Tydi provides a higher-level method for defining interfaces between components as opposed to existing bit and byte-based interface specifications. In this paper, we introduce an open-source intermediate representation (IR) which allows for the declaration of Tydi's types. The IR enables creating and connecting components with Tydi Streams as interfaces, called Streamlets. It also lets backends for synthesis and simulation retain high-level information, such as documentation. Types and Streamlets can be easily reused between multiple projects, and Tydi's streams and type hierarchy can be used to define interface contracts, which aid collaboration when designing a larger system. The IR codifies the rules and properties established in the Tydi specification and serves to complement computation-oriented hardware design tools with a data-centric view on interfaces. To support different backends and targets, the IR is focused on expressing interfaces, and complements behavior described by hardware description languages and other IRs. Additionally, a testing syntax for the verification of inputs and outputs against abstract streams of data, and for substituting interdependent components, is presented which allows for the specification of behavior. To demonstrate this IR, we have created a grammar, parser, and query system, and paired these with a backend targeting VHDL.

A group of people wishes to use money to exchange goods efficiently over several time periods. However, there are disadvantages to using any of the goods as money, and in addition fiat money issued in the form of notes or coins will be valueless in the final time period, and hence in all earlier periods. Also, Walrasian market prices are determined only up to an arbitrary rescaling. Nevertheless we show that it is possible to devise a system which uses money to exchange goods and in which money has a determinate positive value. In this system, tokens are initially supplied to all traders by a central authority and recovered by a purchase tax. All trades must be made using tokens or promissory notes for tokens. This mechanism controls the flow rather than the stock of money: it introduces some trading frictions, some redistribution of wealth, and some distortion of prices, but these effects can all be made small.

Sequential recommendation aims to leverage users' historical behaviors to predict their next interaction. Existing works have not yet addressed two main challenges in sequential recommendation. First, user behaviors in their rich historical sequences are often implicit and noisy preference signals, they cannot sufficiently reflect users' actual preferences. In addition, users' dynamic preferences often change rapidly over time, and hence it is difficult to capture user patterns in their historical sequences. In this work, we propose a graph neural network model called SURGE (short for SeqUential Recommendation with Graph neural nEtworks) to address these two issues. Specifically, SURGE integrates different types of preferences in long-term user behaviors into clusters in the graph by re-constructing loose item sequences into tight item-item interest graphs based on metric learning. This helps explicitly distinguish users' core interests, by forming dense clusters in the interest graph. Then, we perform cluster-aware and query-aware graph convolutional propagation and graph pooling on the constructed graph. It dynamically fuses and extracts users' current activated core interests from noisy user behavior sequences. We conduct extensive experiments on both public and proprietary industrial datasets. Experimental results demonstrate significant performance gains of our proposed method compared to state-of-the-art methods. Further studies on sequence length confirm that our method can model long behavioral sequences effectively and efficiently.

For better user experience and business effectiveness, Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction has been one of the most important tasks in E-commerce. Although extensive CTR prediction models have been proposed, learning good representation of items from multimodal features is still less investigated, considering an item in E-commerce usually contains multiple heterogeneous modalities. Previous works either concatenate the multiple modality features, that is equivalent to giving a fixed importance weight to each modality; or learn dynamic weights of different modalities for different items through technique like attention mechanism. However, a problem is that there usually exists common redundant information across multiple modalities. The dynamic weights of different modalities computed by using the redundant information may not correctly reflect the different importance of each modality. To address this, we explore the complementarity and redundancy of modalities by considering modality-specific and modality-invariant features differently. We propose a novel Multimodal Adversarial Representation Network (MARN) for the CTR prediction task. A multimodal attention network first calculates the weights of multiple modalities for each item according to its modality-specific features. Then a multimodal adversarial network learns modality-invariant representations where a double-discriminators strategy is introduced. Finally, we achieve the multimodal item representations by combining both modality-specific and modality-invariant representations. We conduct extensive experiments on both public and industrial datasets, and the proposed method consistently achieves remarkable improvements to the state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, the approach has been deployed in an operational E-commerce system and online A/B testing further demonstrates the effectiveness.

In this paper, we present an accurate and scalable approach to the face clustering task. We aim at grouping a set of faces by their potential identities. We formulate this task as a link prediction problem: a link exists between two faces if they are of the same identity. The key idea is that we find the local context in the feature space around an instance (face) contains rich information about the linkage relationship between this instance and its neighbors. By constructing sub-graphs around each instance as input data, which depict the local context, we utilize the graph convolution network (GCN) to perform reasoning and infer the likelihood of linkage between pairs in the sub-graphs. Experiments show that our method is more robust to the complex distribution of faces than conventional methods, yielding favorably comparable results to state-of-the-art methods on standard face clustering benchmarks, and is scalable to large datasets. Furthermore, we show that the proposed method does not need the number of clusters as prior, is aware of noises and outliers, and can be extended to a multi-view version for more accurate clustering accuracy.

Link prediction for knowledge graphs is the task of predicting missing relationships between entities. Previous work on link prediction has focused on shallow, fast models which can scale to large knowledge graphs. However, these models learn less expressive features than deep, multi-layer models -- which potentially limits performance. In this work, we introduce ConvE, a multi-layer convolutional network model for link prediction, and report state-of-the-art results for several established datasets. We also show that the model is highly parameter efficient, yielding the same performance as DistMult and R-GCN with 8x and 17x fewer parameters. Analysis of our model suggests that it is particularly effective at modelling nodes with high indegree -- which are common in highly-connected, complex knowledge graphs such as Freebase and YAGO3. In addition, it has been noted that the WN18 and FB15k datasets suffer from test set leakage, due to inverse relations from the training set being present in the test set -- however, the extent of this issue has so far not been quantified. We find this problem to be severe: a simple rule-based model can achieve state-of-the-art results on both WN18 and FB15k. To ensure that models are evaluated on datasets where simply exploiting inverse relations cannot yield competitive results, we investigate and validate several commonly used datasets -- deriving robust variants where necessary. We then perform experiments on these robust datasets for our own and several previously proposed models, and find that ConvE achieves state-of-the-art Mean Reciprocal Rank across all datasets.