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Longitudinal interaction studies with Socially Assistive Robots are crucial to ensure that the robot is relevant for long-term use and its perceptions are not prone to the novelty effect. In this paper, we present a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) to capture the longitudinal interactions participants had with a teleoperated robot coach (RC) delivering mindfulness sessions. The DBN model is used to study complex, temporal interactions between the participants self-reported personality traits, weekly baseline wellbeing scores, session ratings, and facial AUs elicited during the sessions in a 5-week longitudinal study. DBN modelling involves learning a graphical representation that facilitates intuitive understanding of how multiple components contribute to the longitudinal changes in session ratings corresponding to the perceptions of the RC, and participants relaxation and calm levels. The learnt model captures the following within and between sessions aspects of the longitudinal interaction study: influence of the 5 personality dimensions on the facial AU states and the session ratings, influence of facial AU states on the session ratings, and the influences within the items of the session ratings. The DBN structure is learnt using first 3 time points and the obtained model is used to predict the session ratings of the last 2 time points of the 5-week longitudinal data. The predictions are quantified using subject-wise RMSE and R2 scores. We also demonstrate two applications of the model, namely, imputation of missing values in the dataset and estimation of longitudinal session ratings of a new participant with a given personality profile. The obtained DBN model thus facilitates learning of conditional dependency structure between variables in the longitudinal data and offers inferences and conceptual understanding which are not possible through other regression methodologies.

Digital vaccine passports are one of the main solutions which would allow the restart of travel in a post COVID-19 world. Trust, scalability and security are all key challenges one must overcome in implementing a vaccine passport. Initial approaches attempt to solve this problem by using centralised systems with trusted authorities. However, sharing vaccine passport data between different organisations, regions and countries has become a major challenge. This paper designs a new platform architecture for creating, storing and verifying digital COVID-19 vaccine certifications. The platform makes use of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to guarantee there is no single point of failure and allow data to be securely distributed globally. Blockchain and smart contracts are also integrated into the platform to define policies and log access rights to vaccine passport data while ensuring all actions are audited and verifiably immutable. Our proposed platform realises General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requirements in terms of user consent, data encryption, data erasure and accountability obligations. We assess the scalability and performance of the platform using IPFS and Blockchain test networks.

Prescriptive process monitoring methods seek to optimize a business process by recommending interventions at runtime to prevent negative outcomes or poorly performing cases. In recent years, various prescriptive process monitoring methods have been proposed. This paper studies existing methods in this field via a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In order to structure the field, the paper proposes a framework for characterizing prescriptive process monitoring methods according to their performance objective, performance metrics, intervention types, modeling techniques, data inputs, and intervention policies. The SLR provides insights into challenges and areas for future research that could enhance the usefulness and applicability of prescriptive process monitoring methods. The paper highlights the need to validate existing and new methods in real-world settings, to extend the types of interventions beyond those related to the temporal and cost perspectives, and to design policies that take into account causality and second-order effects.

In settings as diverse as autonomous vehicles, cloud computing, and pandemic quarantines, requests for service can arrive in near or true simultaneity with one another. This creates batches of arrivals to the underlying queueing system. In this paper, we study the staffing problem for the batch arrival queue. We show that batches place a significant stress on services, and thus require a high amount of resources and preparation. In fact, we find that there is no economy of scale as the number of customers in each batch increases, creating a stark contrast with the square root safety staffing rules enjoyed by systems with solitary arrivals of customers. Furthermore, when customers arrive both quickly and in batches, an economy of scale can exist, but it is weaker than what is typically expected. Methodologically, these staffing results follow from novel large batch and hybrid large-batch-and-large-rate limits of the general multi-server queueing model. In the pure large batch limit, we establish the first formal connection between multi-server queues and storage processes, another family of stochastic processes. By consequence, we show that the limit of the batch scaled queue length process is not asymptotically normal, and that, in fact, the fluid and diffusion-type limits coincide. This is what drives our staffing analysis of the batch arrival queue, and what implies that the (safety) staffing of this system must be directly proportional to the batch size just to achieve a non-degenerate probability of customers waiting.

Online peer-to-peer support platforms enable conversations between millions of people who seek and provide mental health support. If successful, web-based mental health conversations could improve access to treatment and reduce the global disease burden. Psychologists have repeatedly demonstrated that empathy, the ability to understand and feel the emotions and experiences of others, is a key component leading to positive outcomes in supportive conversations. However, recent studies have shown that highly empathic conversations are rare in online mental health platforms. In this paper, we work towards improving empathy in online mental health support conversations. We introduce a new task of empathic rewriting which aims to transform low-empathy conversational posts to higher empathy. Learning such transformations is challenging and requires a deep understanding of empathy while maintaining conversation quality through text fluency and specificity to the conversational context. Here we propose PARTNER, a deep reinforcement learning agent that learns to make sentence-level edits to posts in order to increase the expressed level of empathy while maintaining conversation quality. Our RL agent leverages a policy network, based on a transformer language model adapted from GPT-2, which performs the dual task of generating candidate empathic sentences and adding those sentences at appropriate positions. During training, we reward transformations that increase empathy in posts while maintaining text fluency, context specificity and diversity. Through a combination of automatic and human evaluation, we demonstrate that PARTNER successfully generates more empathic, specific, and diverse responses and outperforms NLP methods from related tasks like style transfer and empathic dialogue generation. Our work has direct implications for facilitating empathic conversations on web-based platforms.

Background: Social media has the capacity to afford the healthcare industry with valuable feedback from patients who reveal and express their medical decision-making process, as well as self-reported quality of life indicators both during and post treatment. In prior work, [Crannell et. al.], we have studied an active cancer patient population on Twitter and compiled a set of tweets describing their experience with this disease. We refer to these online public testimonies as "Invisible Patient Reported Outcomes" (iPROs), because they carry relevant indicators, yet are difficult to capture by conventional means of self-report. Methods: Our present study aims to identify tweets related to the patient experience as an additional informative tool for monitoring public health. Using Twitter's public streaming API, we compiled over 5.3 million "breast cancer" related tweets spanning September 2016 until mid December 2017. We combined supervised machine learning methods with natural language processing to sift tweets relevant to breast cancer patient experiences. We analyzed a sample of 845 breast cancer patient and survivor accounts, responsible for over 48,000 posts. We investigated tweet content with a hedonometric sentiment analysis to quantitatively extract emotionally charged topics. Results: We found that positive experiences were shared regarding patient treatment, raising support, and spreading awareness. Further discussions related to healthcare were prevalent and largely negative focusing on fear of political legislation that could result in loss of coverage. Conclusions: Social media can provide a positive outlet for patients to discuss their needs and concerns regarding their healthcare coverage and treatment needs. Capturing iPROs from online communication can help inform healthcare professionals and lead to more connected and personalized treatment regimens.

Privacy is a major good for users of personalized services such as recommender systems. When applied to the field of health informatics, privacy concerns of users may be amplified, but the possible utility of such services is also high. Despite availability of technologies such as k-anonymity, differential privacy, privacy-aware recommendation, and personalized privacy trade-offs, little research has been conducted on the users' willingness to share health data for usage in such systems. In two conjoint-decision studies (sample size n=521), we investigate importance and utility of privacy-preserving techniques related to sharing of personal health data for k-anonymity and differential privacy. Users were asked to pick a preferred sharing scenario depending on the recipient of the data, the benefit of sharing data, the type of data, and the parameterized privacy. Users disagreed with sharing data for commercial purposes regarding mental illnesses and with high de-anonymization risks but showed little concern when data is used for scientific purposes and is related to physical illnesses. Suggestions for health recommender system development are derived from the findings.

There is a need for systems to dynamically interact with ageing populations to gather information, monitor health condition and provide support, especially after hospital discharge or at-home settings. Several smart devices have been delivered by digital health, bundled with telemedicine systems, smartphone and other digital services. While such solutions offer personalised data and suggestions, the real disruptive step comes from the interaction of new digital ecosystem, represented by chatbots. Chatbots will play a leading role by embodying the function of a virtual assistant and bridging the gap between patients and clinicians. Powered by AI and machine learning algorithms, chatbots are forecasted to save healthcare costs when used in place of a human or assist them as a preliminary step of helping to assess a condition and providing self-care recommendations. This paper describes integrating chatbots into telemedicine systems intended for elderly patient after their hospital discharge. The paper discusses possible ways to utilise chatbots to assist healthcare providers and support patients with their condition.

Recommender systems rely on large datasets of historical data and entail serious privacy risks. A server offering recommendations as a service to a client might leak more information than necessary regarding its recommendation model and training dataset. At the same time, the disclosure of the client's preferences to the server is also a matter of concern. Providing recommendations while preserving privacy in both senses is a difficult task, which often comes into conflict with the utility of the system in terms of its recommendation-accuracy and efficiency. Widely-purposed cryptographic primitives such as secure multi-party computation and homomorphic encryption offer strong security guarantees, but in conjunction with state-of-the-art recommender systems yield far-from-practical solutions. We precisely define the above notion of security and propose CryptoRec, a novel recommendations-as-a-service protocol, which encompasses a crypto-friendly recommender system. This model possesses two interesting properties: (1) It models user-item interactions in a user-free latent feature space in which it captures personalized user features by an aggregation of item features. This means that a server with a pre-trained model can provide recommendations for a client without having to re-train the model with the client's preferences. Nevertheless, re-training the model still improves accuracy. (2) It only uses addition and multiplication operations, making the model straightforwardly compatible with homomorphic encryption schemes.

Recommender systems play a crucial role in mitigating the problem of information overload by suggesting users' personalized items or services. The vast majority of traditional recommender systems consider the recommendation procedure as a static process and make recommendations following a fixed strategy. In this paper, we propose a novel recommender system with the capability of continuously improving its strategies during the interactions with users. We model the sequential interactions between users and a recommender system as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and leverage Reinforcement Learning (RL) to automatically learn the optimal strategies via recommending trial-and-error items and receiving reinforcements of these items from users' feedbacks. In particular, we introduce an online user-agent interacting environment simulator, which can pre-train and evaluate model parameters offline before applying the model online. Moreover, we validate the importance of list-wise recommendations during the interactions between users and agent, and develop a novel approach to incorporate them into the proposed framework LIRD for list-wide recommendations. The experimental results based on a real-world e-commerce dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.