Knitting patterns are a crucial component in the creation and design of knitted materials. Traditionally, these patterns were taught informally, but thanks to advancements in technology, anyone interested in knitting can use the patterns as a guide to start knitting. Perhaps because knitting is mostly a hobby, with the exception of industrial manufacturing utilising specialised knitting machines, the use of Al in knitting is less widespread than its application in other fields. However, it is important to determine whether knitted pattern classification using an automated system is viable. In order to recognise and classify knitting patterns. Using data augmentation and a transfer learning technique, this study proposes a deep learning model. The Inception ResNet-V2 is the main feature extraction and classification algorithm used in the model. Metrics like accuracy, logarithmic loss, F1-score, precision, and recall score were used to evaluate the model. The model evaluation's findings demonstrate high model accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. In addition, the AUC score for majority of the classes was in the range (0.7-0.9). A comparative analysis was done using other pretrained models and a ResNet-50 model with transfer learning and the proposed model evaluation results surpassed all others. The major limitation for this project is time, as with more time, there might have been better accuracy over a larger number of epochs.
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It has been shown in previous works that an optimal control formulation for an incompressible ideal fluid flow yields Euler's fluid equations. In this paper we consider the modified Euler's equations by adding a potential function playing the role of a barrier function in the corresponding optimal control problem with the motivation of studying obstacle avoidance in the motion of fluid particles for incompressible ideal flows of an inviscid fluid From the physical point of view, imposing an artificial potential in the fluid context is equivalent to generating a desired pressure. Simulation results for the obstacle avoidance task are provided.
Neural networks have shown their effectiveness in various tasks in the realm of quantum computing. However, their application in quantum error mitigation, a crucial step towards realizing practical quantum advancements, has been restricted by reliance on noise-free statistics. To tackle this critical challenge, we propose a data augmentation empowered neural model for error mitigation (DAEM). Our model does not require any prior knowledge about the specific noise type and measurement settings and can estimate noise-free statistics solely from the noisy measurement results of the target quantum process, rendering it highly suitable for practical implementation. In numerical experiments, we show the model's superior performance in mitigating various types of noise, including Markovian noise and Non-Markovian noise, compared with previous error mitigation methods. We further demonstrate its versatility by employing the model to mitigate errors in diverse types of quantum processes, including those involving large-scale quantum systems and continuous-variable quantum states. This powerful data augmentation-empowered neural model for error mitigation establishes a solid foundation for realizing more reliable and robust quantum technologies in practical applications.
We consider the lossless compression bound of any single data sequence. If we fit the data by a parametric model, the entropy quantity $nH({\hat \theta}_n)$ obtained by plugging in the maximum likelihood estimate is an underestimate of the bound, where $n$ is the number of words. Shtarkov showed that the normalized maximum likelihood (NML) distribution or code length is optimal in a minimax sense for any parametric family. We show by the local asymptotic normality that the NML code length for the exponential families is $nH(\hat \theta_n) +\frac{d}{2}\log \, \frac{n}{2\pi} +\log \int_{\Theta} |I(\theta)|^{1/2}\, d\theta+o(1)$, where $d$ is the model dimension or dictionary size, and $|I(\theta)|$ is the determinant of the Fisher information matrix. We also demonstrate that sequentially predicting the optimal code length for the next word via a Bayesian mechanism leads to the mixture code, whose pathwise length is given by $nH({\hat \theta}_n) +\frac{d}{2}\log \, \frac{n}{2\pi} +\log \frac{|\, I({\hat \theta}_n)|^{1/2}}{w({\hat \theta}_n)}+o(1) $, where $w(\theta)$ is a prior. The asymptotics apply to not only discrete symbols but also continuous data if the code length for the former is replaced by the description length of the latter. The analytical result is exemplified by calculating compression bounds of protein-encoding DNA sequences under different parsing models. Typically, the highest compression is achieved when the parsing is in phase of the amino acid codons. On the other hand, the compression rates of pseudo-random sequences are larger than 1 regardless parsing models. These model-based results are in consistency with that random sequences are incompressible as asserted by the Kolmogorov complexity theory. The empirical lossless compression bound is particularly more accurate when dictionary size is relatively large.
Can a micron sized sack of interacting molecules autonomously learn an internal model of a complex and fluctuating environment? We draw insights from control theory, machine learning theory, chemical reaction network theory, and statistical physics to develop a general architecture whereby a broad class of chemical systems can autonomously learn complex distributions. Our construction takes the form of a chemical implementation of machine learning's optimization workhorse: gradient descent on the relative entropy cost function. We show how this method can be applied to optimize any detailed balanced chemical reaction network and that the construction is capable of using hidden units to learn complex distributions. This result is then recast as a form of integral feedback control. Finally, due to our use of an explicit physical model of learning, we are able to derive thermodynamic costs and trade-offs associated to this process.
A recent development in Bayesian optimization is the use of local optimization strategies, which can deliver strong empirical performance on high-dimensional problems compared to traditional global strategies. The "folk wisdom" in the literature is that the focus on local optimization sidesteps the curse of dimensionality; however, little is known concretely about the expected behavior or convergence of Bayesian local optimization routines. We first study the behavior of the local approach, and find that the statistics of individual local solutions of Gaussian process sample paths are surprisingly good compared to what we would expect to recover from global methods. We then present the first rigorous analysis of such a Bayesian local optimization algorithm recently proposed by M\"uller et al. (2021), and derive convergence rates in both the noisy and noiseless settings.
Longitudinal processes often pose nonlinear change patterns. Latent basis growth models (LBGMs) provide a versatile solution without requiring specific functional forms. Building on the LBGM specification for unequally-spaced waves and individual occasions proposed by Liu and Perera (2023), we extend LBGMs to multivariate longitudinal outcomes. This provides a unified approach to nonlinear, interconnected trajectories. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed model can provide unbiased and accurate estimates with target coverage probabilities for the parameters of interest. Real-world analyses of reading and mathematics scores demonstrates its effectiveness in analyzing joint developmental processes that vary in temporal patterns. Computational code is included.
Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown excellent generalization capabilities that have led to the development of numerous models. These models propose various new architectures, tweaking existing architectures with refined training strategies, increasing context length, using high-quality training data, and increasing training time to outperform baselines. Analyzing new developments is crucial for identifying changes that enhance training stability and improve generalization in LLMs. This survey paper comprehensively analyses the LLMs architectures and their categorization, training strategies, training datasets, and performance evaluations and discusses future research directions. Moreover, the paper also discusses the basic building blocks and concepts behind LLMs, followed by a complete overview of LLMs, including their important features and functions. Finally, the paper summarizes significant findings from LLM research and consolidates essential architectural and training strategies for developing advanced LLMs. Given the continuous advancements in LLMs, we intend to regularly update this paper by incorporating new sections and featuring the latest LLM models.
As artificial intelligence (AI) models continue to scale up, they are becoming more capable and integrated into various forms of decision-making systems. For models involved in moral decision-making, also known as artificial moral agents (AMA), interpretability provides a way to trust and understand the agent's internal reasoning mechanisms for effective use and error correction. In this paper, we provide an overview of this rapidly-evolving sub-field of AI interpretability, introduce the concept of the Minimum Level of Interpretability (MLI) and recommend an MLI for various types of agents, to aid their safe deployment in real-world settings.
AI is undergoing a paradigm shift with the rise of models (e.g., BERT, DALL-E, GPT-3) that are trained on broad data at scale and are adaptable to a wide range of downstream tasks. We call these models foundation models to underscore their critically central yet incomplete character. This report provides a thorough account of the opportunities and risks of foundation models, ranging from their capabilities (e.g., language, vision, robotics, reasoning, human interaction) and technical principles(e.g., model architectures, training procedures, data, systems, security, evaluation, theory) to their applications (e.g., law, healthcare, education) and societal impact (e.g., inequity, misuse, economic and environmental impact, legal and ethical considerations). Though foundation models are based on standard deep learning and transfer learning, their scale results in new emergent capabilities,and their effectiveness across so many tasks incentivizes homogenization. Homogenization provides powerful leverage but demands caution, as the defects of the foundation model are inherited by all the adapted models downstream. Despite the impending widespread deployment of foundation models, we currently lack a clear understanding of how they work, when they fail, and what they are even capable of due to their emergent properties. To tackle these questions, we believe much of the critical research on foundation models will require deep interdisciplinary collaboration commensurate with their fundamentally sociotechnical nature.
Image segmentation is an important component of many image understanding systems. It aims to group pixels in a spatially and perceptually coherent manner. Typically, these algorithms have a collection of parameters that control the degree of over-segmentation produced. It still remains a challenge to properly select such parameters for human-like perceptual grouping. In this work, we exploit the diversity of segments produced by different choices of parameters. We scan the segmentation parameter space and generate a collection of image segmentation hypotheses (from highly over-segmented to under-segmented). These are fed into a cost minimization framework that produces the final segmentation by selecting segments that: (1) better describe the natural contours of the image, and (2) are more stable and persistent among all the segmentation hypotheses. We compare our algorithm's performance with state-of-the-art algorithms, showing that we can achieve improved results. We also show that our framework is robust to the choice of segmentation kernel that produces the initial set of hypotheses.
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