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Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agents frequently face challenges in adapting to tasks outside their training distribution, including issues with over-fitting, catastrophic forgetting and sample inefficiency. Although the application of adapters has proven effective in supervised learning contexts such as natural language processing and computer vision, their potential within the DRL domain remains largely unexplored. This paper delves into the integration of adapters in reinforcement learning, presenting an innovative adaptation strategy that demonstrates enhanced training efficiency and improvement of the base-agent, experimentally in the nanoRTS environment, a real-time strategy (RTS) game simulation. Our proposed universal approach is not only compatible with pre-trained neural networks but also with rule-based agents, offering a means to integrate human expertise.

Foundation models hold promise for transforming AI in healthcare by providing modular components that are easily adaptable to downstream healthcare tasks, making AI development more scalable and cost-effective. Structured EHR foundation models, trained on coded medical records from millions of patients, demonstrated benefits including increased performance with fewer training labels, and improved robustness to distribution shifts. However, questions remain on the feasibility of sharing these models across different hospitals and their performance for local task adaptation. This multi-center study examined the adaptability of a recently released structured EHR foundation model ($FM_{SM}$), trained on longitudinal medical record data from 2.57M Stanford Medicine patients. Experiments were conducted using EHR data at The Hospital for Sick Children and MIMIC-IV. We assessed both adaptability via continued pretraining on local data, and task adaptability compared to baselines of training models from scratch at each site, including a local foundation model. We evaluated the performance of these models on 8 clinical prediction tasks. In both datasets, adapting the off-the-shelf $FM_{SM}$ matched the performance of GBM models locally trained on all data while providing a 13% improvement in settings with few task-specific training labels. With continued pretraining on local data, label efficiency substantially improved, such that $FM_{SM}$ required fewer than 1% of training examples to match the fully trained GBM's performance. Continued pretraining was also 60 to 90% more sample-efficient than training local foundation models from scratch. Our findings show that adapting shared EHR foundation models across hospitals provides improved prediction performance at less cost, underscoring the utility of base foundation models as modular components to streamline the development of healthcare AI.

Despite the significant progress made in practical applications of aligned language models (LMs), they tend to be overconfident in output answers compared to the corresponding pre-trained LMs. In this work, we systematically evaluate the impact of the alignment process on logit-based uncertainty calibration of LMs under the multiple-choice setting. We first conduct a thoughtful empirical study on how aligned LMs differ in calibration from their pre-trained counterparts. Experimental results reveal that there are two distinct uncertainties in LMs under the multiple-choice setting, which are responsible for the answer decision and the format preference of the LMs, respectively. Then, we investigate the role of these two uncertainties on aligned LM's calibration through fine-tuning in simple synthetic alignment schemes and conclude that one reason for aligned LMs' overconfidence is the conflation of these two types of uncertainty. Furthermore, we examine the utility of common post-hoc calibration methods for aligned LMs and propose an easy-to-implement and sample-efficient method to calibrate aligned LMs. We hope our findings could provide insights into the design of more reliable alignment processes for LMs.

Deep Generative Models (DGMs) are widely used to create innovative designs across multiple industries, ranging from fashion to the automotive sector. In addition to generating images of high visual quality, the task of structural design generation imposes more stringent constrains on the semantic expression, e.g., no floating material or missing part, which we refer to as plausibility in this work. We delve into the impact of noise schedules of diffusion models on the plausibility of the outcome: there exists a range of noise levels at which the model's performance decides the result plausibility. Also, we propose two techniques to determine such a range for a given image set and devise a novel parametric noise schedule for better plausibility. We apply this noise schedule to the training and sampling of the well-known diffusion model EDM and compare it to its default noise schedule. Compared to EDM, our schedule significantly improves the rate of plausible designs from 83.4% to 93.5% and Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) from 7.84 to 4.87. Further applications of advanced image editing tools demonstrate the model's solid understanding of structure.

Simulators have irreplaceable importance for the research and development of autonomous driving. Besides saving resources, labor, and time, simulation is the only feasible way to reproduce many severe accident scenarios. Despite their widespread adoption across academia and industry, there is an absence in the evolutionary trajectory of simulators and critical discourse on their limitations. To bridge the gap in research, this paper conducts an in-depth review of simulators for autonomous driving. It delineates the three-decade development into three stages: specialized development period, gap period, and comprehensive development, from which it detects a trend of implementing comprehensive functionalities and open-source accessibility. Then it classifies the simulators by functions, identifying five categories: traffic flow simulator, vehicle dynamics simulator, scenario editor, sensory data generator, and driving strategy validator. Simulators that amalgamate diverse features are defined as comprehensive simulators. By investigating commercial and open-source simulators, this paper reveals that the critical issues faced by simulators primarily revolve around fidelity and efficiency concerns. This paper justifies that enhancing the realism of adverse weather simulation, automated map reconstruction, and interactive traffic participants will bolster credibility. Concurrently, headless simulation and multiple-speed simulation techniques will exploit the theoretic advantages. Moreover, this paper delves into potential solutions for the identified issues. It explores qualitative and quantitative evaluation metrics to assess the simulator's performance. This paper guides users to find suitable simulators efficiently and provides instructive suggestions for developers to improve simulator efficacy purposefully.

Prompting serves as the major way humans interact with Large Language Models (LLM). Commercial AI systems commonly define the role of the LLM in system prompts. For example, ChatGPT uses "You are a helpful assistant" as part of the default system prompt. But is "a helpful assistant" the best role for LLMs? In this study, we present a systematic evaluation of how social roles in system prompts affect model performance. We curate a list of 162 roles covering 6 types of interpersonal relationships and 8 types of occupations. Through extensive analysis of 3 popular LLMs and 2457 questions, we show that adding interpersonal roles in prompts consistently improves the models' performance over a range of questions. Moreover, while we find that using gender-neutral roles and specifying the role as the audience leads to better performances, predicting which role leads to the best performance remains a challenging task, and that frequency, similarity, and perplexity do not fully explain the effect of social roles on model performances. Our results can help inform the design of system prompts for AI systems. Code and data are available at //github.com/Jiaxin-Pei/Prompting-with-Social-Roles.

Despite the many use cases for large language models (LLMs) in creating personalized chatbots, there has been limited research on evaluating the extent to which the behaviors of personalized LLMs accurately and consistently reflect specific personality traits. We consider studying the behavior of LLM-based agents, referred to as LLM personas, and present a case study with ChatGPT and GPT-4. The study investigates whether LLMs can generate content that aligns with their assigned personality profiles. To this end, we create distinct LLM personas based on the Big Five personality model, have them complete the 44-item Big Five Inventory (BFI) personality test and a story writing task, and then assess their essays with automatic and human evaluations. Results show that LLM personas' self-reported BFI scores are consistent with their designated personality types, with large effect sizes observed across five traits. Additionally, there are significant correlations between the assigned personality types and certain psycholinguistic features of their writings, as measured by the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) tool. Interestingly, human evaluators perceive the stories as less personal when told that the stories are authored by AI. However, their judgments on other aspects of the writing such as readability, cohesiveness, redundancy, likeability, and believability remain largely unaffected. Notably, when evaluators were informed about the AI authorship, their accuracy in identifying the intended personality traits from the stories decreased by more than 10% for some traits. This research marks a significant step forward in understanding the capabilities of LLMs to express personality traits.

Recommendation systems have become popular and effective tools to help users discover their interesting items by modeling the user preference and item property based on implicit interactions (e.g., purchasing and clicking). Humans perceive the world by processing the modality signals (e.g., audio, text and image), which inspired researchers to build a recommender system that can understand and interpret data from different modalities. Those models could capture the hidden relations between different modalities and possibly recover the complementary information which can not be captured by a uni-modal approach and implicit interactions. The goal of this survey is to provide a comprehensive review of the recent research efforts on the multimodal recommendation. Specifically, it shows a clear pipeline with commonly used techniques in each step and classifies the models by the methods used. Additionally, a code framework has been designed that helps researchers new in this area to understand the principles and techniques, and easily runs the SOTA models. Our framework is located at: //github.com/enoche/MMRec

In pace with developments in the research field of artificial intelligence, knowledge graphs (KGs) have attracted a surge of interest from both academia and industry. As a representation of semantic relations between entities, KGs have proven to be particularly relevant for natural language processing (NLP), experiencing a rapid spread and wide adoption within recent years. Given the increasing amount of research work in this area, several KG-related approaches have been surveyed in the NLP research community. However, a comprehensive study that categorizes established topics and reviews the maturity of individual research streams remains absent to this day. Contributing to closing this gap, we systematically analyzed 507 papers from the literature on KGs in NLP. Our survey encompasses a multifaceted review of tasks, research types, and contributions. As a result, we present a structured overview of the research landscape, provide a taxonomy of tasks, summarize our findings, and highlight directions for future work.

Machine learning techniques have deeply rooted in our everyday life. However, since it is knowledge- and labor-intensive to pursue good learning performance, human experts are heavily involved in every aspect of machine learning. In order to make machine learning techniques easier to apply and reduce the demand for experienced human experts, automated machine learning (AutoML) has emerged as a hot topic with both industrial and academic interest. In this paper, we provide an up to date survey on AutoML. First, we introduce and define the AutoML problem, with inspiration from both realms of automation and machine learning. Then, we propose a general AutoML framework that not only covers most existing approaches to date but also can guide the design for new methods. Subsequently, we categorize and review the existing works from two aspects, i.e., the problem setup and the employed techniques. Finally, we provide a detailed analysis of AutoML approaches and explain the reasons underneath their successful applications. We hope this survey can serve as not only an insightful guideline for AutoML beginners but also an inspiration for future research.