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Vertebral fractures are a consequence of osteoporosis, with significant health implications for affected patients. Unfortunately, grading their severity using CT exams is hard and subjective, motivating automated grading methods. However, current approaches are hindered by imbalance and scarcity of data and a lack of interpretability. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach that leverages unlabelled data to train a generative Diffusion Autoencoder (DAE) model as an unsupervised feature extractor. We model fracture grading as a continuous regression, which is more reflective of the smooth progression of fractures. Specifically, we use a binary, supervised fracture classifier to construct a hyperplane in the DAE's latent space. We then regress the severity of the fracture as a function of the distance to this hyperplane, calibrating the results to the Genant scale. Importantly, the generative nature of our method allows us to visualize different grades of a given vertebra, providing interpretability and insight into the features that contribute to automated grading.

Deep neural networks have achieved promising results in automatic image captioning due to their effective representation learning and context-based content generation capabilities. As a prominent type of deep features used in many of the recent image captioning methods, the well-known bottomup features provide a detailed representation of different objects of the image in comparison with the feature maps directly extracted from the raw image. However, the lack of high-level semantic information about the relationships between these objects is an important drawback of bottom-up features, despite their expensive and resource-demanding extraction procedure. To take advantage of visual relationships in caption generation, this paper proposes a deep neural network architecture for image captioning based on fusing the visual relationships information extracted from an image's scene graph with the spatial feature maps of the image. A multi-modal reward function is then introduced for deep reinforcement learning of the proposed network using a combination of language and vision similarities in a common embedding space. The results of extensive experimentation on the MSCOCO dataset show the effectiveness of using visual relationships in the proposed captioning method. Moreover, the results clearly indicate that the proposed multi-modal reward in deep reinforcement learning leads to better model optimization, outperforming several state-of-the-art image captioning algorithms, while using light and easy to extract image features. A detailed experimental study of the components constituting the proposed method is also presented.

This work considers the problem of mitigating information leakage between communication and sensing in systems jointly performing both operations. Specifically, a discrete memoryless state-dependent broadcast channel model is studied in which (i) the presence of feedback enables a transmitter to convey information, while simultaneously performing channel state estimation; (ii) one of the receivers is treated as an eavesdropper whose state should be estimated but which should remain oblivious to part of the transmitted information. The model abstracts the challenges behind security for joint communication and sensing if one views the channel state as a key attribute, e.g., location. For independent and identically distributed states, perfect output feedback, and when part of the transmitted message should be kept secret, a partial characterization of the secrecy-distortion region is developed. The characterization is exact when the broadcast channel is either physically-degraded or reversely-physically-degraded. The partial characterization is also extended to the situation in which the entire transmitted message should be kept secret. The benefits of a joint approach compared to separation-based secure communication and state-sensing methods are illustrated with binary joint communication and sensing models.

This paper proposes a methodology for discovering meaningful properties in data by exploring the latent space of unsupervised deep generative models. We combine manipulation of individual latent variables to extreme values outside the training range with methods inspired by causal inference into an approach we call causal disentanglement with extreme values (CDEV) and show that this approach yields insights for model interpretability. Using this technique, we can infer what properties of unknown data the model encodes as meaningful. We apply the methodology to test what is meaningful in the communication system of sperm whales, one of the most intriguing and understudied animal communication systems. We train a network that has been shown to learn meaningful representations of speech and test whether we can leverage such unsupervised learning to decipher the properties of another vocal communication system for which we have no ground truth. The proposed technique suggests that sperm whales encode information using the number of clicks in a sequence, the regularity of their timing, and audio properties such as the spectral mean and the acoustic regularity of the sequences. Some of these findings are consistent with existing hypotheses, while others are proposed for the first time. We also argue that our models uncover rules that govern the structure of communication units in the sperm whale communication system and apply them while generating innovative data not shown during training. This paper suggests that an interpretation of the outputs of deep neural networks with causal methodology can be a viable strategy for approaching data about which little is known and presents another case of how deep learning can limit the hypothesis space. Finally, the proposed approach combining latent space manipulation and causal inference can be extended to other architectures and arbitrary datasets.

Driven by the interplay among artificial intelligence, digital twin, and wireless networks, 6G is envisaged to go beyond data-centric services to provide intelligent and immersive experiences. To efficiently support intelligent tasks with customized service requirements, it becomes critical to develop novel information compression and transmission technologies, which typically involve coupled sensing, communication, and computation processes. To this end, task-oriented communication stands out as a disruptive technology for 6G system design by exploiting the task-specific information structures and folding the communication goals into the design of task-level transmission strategies. In this article, by developing task-oriented information extraction and network resource orchestration strategies, we demonstrate the effectiveness of task-oriented communication principles for typical intelligent tasks, including federated learning, edge inference, and semantic communication.

Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) are one of the emerging technologies in the automotive domain that has the potential to alleviate the issues of accidents, traffic congestion, and pollutant emissions, leading to a safe, efficient, and sustainable transportation system. Machine learning-based methods are widely used in CAVs for crucial tasks like perception, motion planning, and motion control, where machine learning models in CAVs are solely trained using the local vehicle data, and the performance is not certain when exposed to new environments or unseen conditions. Federated learning (FL) is an effective solution for CAVs that enables a collaborative model development with multiple vehicles in a distributed learning framework. FL enables CAVs to learn from a wide range of driving environments and improve their overall performance while ensuring the privacy and security of local vehicle data. In this paper, we review the progress accomplished by researchers in applying FL to CAVs. A broader view of the various data modalities and algorithms that have been implemented on CAVs is provided. Specific applications of FL are reviewed in detail, and an analysis of the challenges and future scope of research are presented.

Human knowledge provides a formal understanding of the world. Knowledge graphs that represent structural relations between entities have become an increasingly popular research direction towards cognition and human-level intelligence. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of knowledge graph covering overall research topics about 1) knowledge graph representation learning, 2) knowledge acquisition and completion, 3) temporal knowledge graph, and 4) knowledge-aware applications, and summarize recent breakthroughs and perspective directions to facilitate future research. We propose a full-view categorization and new taxonomies on these topics. Knowledge graph embedding is organized from four aspects of representation space, scoring function, encoding models, and auxiliary information. For knowledge acquisition, especially knowledge graph completion, embedding methods, path inference, and logical rule reasoning, are reviewed. We further explore several emerging topics, including meta relational learning, commonsense reasoning, and temporal knowledge graphs. To facilitate future research on knowledge graphs, we also provide a curated collection of datasets and open-source libraries on different tasks. In the end, we have a thorough outlook on several promising research directions.

Knowledge graph embedding, which aims to represent entities and relations as low dimensional vectors (or matrices, tensors, etc.), has been shown to be a powerful technique for predicting missing links in knowledge graphs. Existing knowledge graph embedding models mainly focus on modeling relation patterns such as symmetry/antisymmetry, inversion, and composition. However, many existing approaches fail to model semantic hierarchies, which are common in real-world applications. To address this challenge, we propose a novel knowledge graph embedding model---namely, Hierarchy-Aware Knowledge Graph Embedding (HAKE)---which maps entities into the polar coordinate system. HAKE is inspired by the fact that concentric circles in the polar coordinate system can naturally reflect the hierarchy. Specifically, the radial coordinate aims to model entities at different levels of the hierarchy, and entities with smaller radii are expected to be at higher levels; the angular coordinate aims to distinguish entities at the same level of the hierarchy, and these entities are expected to have roughly the same radii but different angles. Experiments demonstrate that HAKE can effectively model the semantic hierarchies in knowledge graphs, and significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets for the link prediction task.

Distant supervision can effectively label data for relation extraction, but suffers from the noise labeling problem. Recent works mainly perform soft bag-level noise reduction strategies to find the relatively better samples in a sentence bag, which is suboptimal compared with making a hard decision of false positive samples in sentence level. In this paper, we introduce an adversarial learning framework, which we named DSGAN, to learn a sentence-level true-positive generator. Inspired by Generative Adversarial Networks, we regard the positive samples generated by the generator as the negative samples to train the discriminator. The optimal generator is obtained until the discrimination ability of the discriminator has the greatest decline. We adopt the generator to filter distant supervision training dataset and redistribute the false positive instances into the negative set, in which way to provide a cleaned dataset for relation classification. The experimental results show that the proposed strategy significantly improves the performance of distant supervision relation extraction comparing to state-of-the-art systems.

We study the problem of named entity recognition (NER) from electronic medical records, which is one of the most fundamental and critical problems for medical text mining. Medical records which are written by clinicians from different specialties usually contain quite different terminologies and writing styles. The difference of specialties and the cost of human annotation makes it particularly difficult to train a universal medical NER system. In this paper, we propose a label-aware double transfer learning framework (La-DTL) for cross-specialty NER, so that a medical NER system designed for one specialty could be conveniently applied to another one with minimal annotation efforts. The transferability is guaranteed by two components: (i) we propose label-aware MMD for feature representation transfer, and (ii) we perform parameter transfer with a theoretical upper bound which is also label aware. We conduct extensive experiments on 12 cross-specialty NER tasks. The experimental results demonstrate that La-DTL provides consistent accuracy improvement over strong baselines. Besides, the promising experimental results on non-medical NER scenarios indicate that La-DTL is potential to be seamlessly adapted to a wide range of NER tasks.