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We study the Euler scheme for scalar non-autonomous stochastic differential equations, whose diffusion coefficient is not globally Lipschitz but a fractional power of a globally Lipschitz function. We analyse the strong error and establish a criterion, which relates the convergence order of the Euler scheme to an inverse moment condition for the diffusion coefficient. Our result in particular applies to Cox-Ingersoll-Ross-, Chan-Karolyi-Longstaff-Sanders- or Wright-Fisher-type stochastic differential equations and thus provides a unifying framework.

Sparse regression and feature extraction are the cornerstones of knowledge discovery from massive data. Their goal is to discover interpretable and predictive models that provide simple relationships among scientific variables. While the statistical tools for model discovery are well established in the context of linear regression, their generalization to nonlinear regression in material modeling is highly problem-specific and insufficiently understood. Here we explore the potential of neural networks for automatic model discovery and induce sparsity by a hybrid approach that combines two strategies: regularization and physical constraints. We integrate the concept of Lp regularization for subset selection with constitutive neural networks that leverage our domain knowledge in kinematics and thermodynamics. We train our networks with both, synthetic and real data, and perform several thousand discovery runs to infer common guidelines and trends: L2 regularization or ridge regression is unsuitable for model discovery; L1 regularization or lasso promotes sparsity, but induces strong bias; only L0 regularization allows us to transparently fine-tune the trade-off between interpretability and predictability, simplicity and accuracy, and bias and variance. With these insights, we demonstrate that Lp regularized constitutive neural networks can simultaneously discover both, interpretable models and physically meaningful parameters. We anticipate that our findings will generalize to alternative discovery techniques such as sparse and symbolic regression, and to other domains such as biology, chemistry, or medicine. Our ability to automatically discover material models from data could have tremendous applications in generative material design and open new opportunities to manipulate matter, alter properties of existing materials, and discover new materials with user-defined properties.

Information extraction techniques, including named entity recognition (NER) and relation extraction (RE), are crucial in many domains to support making sense of vast amounts of unstructured text data by identifying and connecting relevant information. Such techniques can assist researchers in extracting valuable insights. In this paper, we introduce the Entity-aware Masking for Biomedical Relation Extraction (EMBRE) method for biomedical relation extraction, as applied in the context of the BioRED challenge Task 1, in which human-annotated entities are provided as input. Specifically, we integrate entity knowledge into a deep neural network by pretraining the backbone model with an entity masking objective. We randomly mask named entities for each instance and let the model identify the masked entity along with its type. In this way, the model is capable of learning more specific knowledge and more robust representations. Then, we utilize the pre-trained model as our backbone to encode language representations and feed these representations into two multilayer perceptron (MLPs) to predict the logits for relation and novelty, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method can improve the performances of entity pair, relation and novelty extraction over our baseline.

E-commerce, a type of trading that occurs at a high frequency on the Internet, requires guaranteeing the integrity, authentication and non-repudiation of messages through long distance. As current e-commerce schemes are vulnerable to computational attacks, quantum cryptography, ensuring information-theoretic security against adversary's repudiation and forgery, provides a solution to this problem. However, quantum solutions generally have much lower performance compared to classical ones. Besides, when considering imperfect devices, the performance of quantum schemes exhibits a significant decline. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the whole e-commerce process of involving the signing of a contract and payment among three parties by proposing a quantum e-commerce scheme, which shows resistance of attacks from imperfect devices. Results show that with a maximum attenuation of 25 dB among participants, our scheme can achieve a signature rate of 0.82 times per second for an agreement size of approximately 0.428 megabit. This proposed scheme presents a promising solution for providing information-theoretic security for e-commerce.

Identifying reaction coordinates(RCs) is an active area of research, given the crucial role RCs play in determining the progress of a chemical reaction. The choice of the reaction coordinate is often based on heuristic knowledge. However, an essential criterion for the choice is that the coordinate should capture both the reactant and product states unequivocally. Also, the coordinate should be the slowest one so that all the other degrees of freedom can easily equilibrate along the reaction coordinate. Also, the coordinate should be the slowest one so that all the other degrees of freedom can easily equilibrate along the reaction coordinate. We used a regularised sparse autoencoder, an energy-based model, to discover a crucial set of reaction coordinates. Along with discovering reaction coordinates, our model also predicts the evolution of a molecular dynamics(MD) trajectory. We showcased that including sparsity enforcing regularisation helps in choosing a small but important set of reaction coordinates. We used two model systems to demonstrate our approach: alanine dipeptide system and proflavine and DNA system, which exhibited intercalation of proflavine into DNA minor groove in an aqueous environment. We model MD trajectory as a multivariate time series, and our latent variable model performs the task of multi-step time series prediction. This idea is inspired by the popular sparse coding approach - to represent each input sample as a linear combination of few elements taken from a set of representative patterns.

Misgendering is the act of referring to someone in a way that does not reflect their gender identity. Translation systems, including foundation models capable of translation, can produce errors that result in misgendering harms. To measure the extent of such potential harms when translating into and out of English, we introduce a dataset, MiTTenS, covering 26 languages from a variety of language families and scripts, including several traditionally underpresented in digital resources. The dataset is constructed with handcrafted passages that target known failure patterns, longer synthetically generated passages, and natural passages sourced from multiple domains. We demonstrate the usefulness of the dataset by evaluating both dedicated neural machine translation systems and foundation models, and show that all systems exhibit errors resulting in misgendering harms, even in high resource languages.

We analyze physical spacings between locations of safety rest areas on interstates in the United States. We show normalized safety rest area spacings on major interstates exhibit Wigner surmise statistics, which align with the eigenvalue spacings for the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble from random matrix theory as well as the one-dimensional gas interactions via the Coulomb potential. We identify economic and geographic regional traits at the state level that exhibit Poissonian statistics, which become more pronounced with increased geographical obstacles in interstate travel. Other regional filters (e.g., historical or political) produced results that did not diverge substantially from the overall Wigner surmise model.

Building robust, interpretable, and secure AI system requires quantifying and representing uncertainty under a probabilistic perspective to mimic human cognitive abilities. However, probabilistic computation presents significant challenges for most conventional artificial neural network, as they are essentially implemented in a deterministic manner. In this paper, we develop an efficient probabilistic computation framework by truncating the probabilistic representation of neural activation up to its mean and covariance and construct a moment neural network that encapsulates the nonlinear coupling between the mean and covariance of the underlying stochastic network. We reveal that when only the mean but not the covariance is supervised during gradient-based learning, the unsupervised covariance spontaneously emerges from its nonlinear coupling with the mean and faithfully captures the uncertainty associated with model predictions. Our findings highlight the inherent simplicity of probabilistic computation by seamlessly incorporating uncertainty into model prediction, paving the way for integrating it into large-scale AI systems.

Human behaviors, including scientific activities, are shaped by the hierarchical divisions of geography. As a result, researchers' mobility patterns vary across regions, influencing several aspects of the scientific community. These aspects encompass career trajectories, knowledge transfer, international collaborations, talent circulation, innovation diffusion, resource distribution, and policy development. However, our understanding of the relationship between the hierarchical regional scale and scientific movements is limited. This study aims to understand the subtle role of the geographical scales on scientists' mobility patterns across cities, countries, and continents. To this end, we analyzed 2.03 million scientists from 1960 to 2021, spanning institutions, cities, countries, and continents. We built a model based on hierarchical regions with different administrative levels and assessed the tendency for mobility from one region to another and the attractiveness of each region. Our findings reveal distinct nested hierarchies of regional scales and the dynamic of scientists' relocation patterns. This study sheds light on the complex dynamics of scientists' mobility and offers insights into how geographical scale and administrative divisions influence career decisions.

With the rise of knowledge graph (KG), question answering over knowledge base (KBQA) has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Despite much research has been conducted on this topic, it is still challenging to apply KBQA technology in industry because business knowledge and real-world questions can be rather complicated. In this paper, we present AliMe-KBQA, a bold attempt to apply KBQA in the E-commerce customer service field. To handle real knowledge and questions, we extend the classic "subject-predicate-object (SPO)" structure with property hierarchy, key-value structure and compound value type (CVT), and enhance traditional KBQA with constraints recognition and reasoning ability. We launch AliMe-KBQA in the Marketing Promotion scenario for merchants during the "Double 11" period in 2018 and other such promotional events afterwards. Online results suggest that AliMe-KBQA is not only able to gain better resolution and improve customer satisfaction, but also becomes the preferred knowledge management method by business knowledge staffs since it offers a more convenient and efficient management experience.