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Colorectal cancer (CRC), which frequently originates from initially benign polyps, remains a significant contributor to global cancer-related mortality. Early and accurate detection of these polyps via colonoscopy is crucial for CRC prevention. However, traditional colonoscopy methods depend heavily on the operator's experience, leading to suboptimal polyp detection rates. Besides, the public database are limited in polyp size and shape diversity. To enhance the available data for polyp detection, we introduce Consisaug, an innovative and effective methodology to augment data that leverages deep learning. We utilize the constraint that when the image is flipped the class label should be equal and the bonding boxes should be consistent. We implement our Consisaug on five public polyp datasets and at three backbones, and the results show the effectiveness of our method.

Prostate cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancerous disease among men world-wide. Even with modern technology such as multi-parametric magnetic resonance tomography and guided biopsies, the process for diagnosing prostate cancer remains time consuming and requires highly trained professionals. In this paper, different convolutional neural networks (CNN) are evaluated on their abilities to reliably classify whether an MRI sequence contains malignant lesions. Implementations of a ResNet, a ConvNet and a ConvNeXt for 3D image data are trained and evaluated. The models are trained using different data augmentation techniques, learning rates, and optimizers. The data is taken from a private dataset, provided by Cantonal Hospital Aarau. The best result was achieved by a ResNet3D, yielding an average precision score of 0.4583 and AUC ROC score of 0.6214.

Deep neural networks are increasingly used in a wide range of technologies and services, but remain highly susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, that is, drawn from a different distribution than the original training set. A common approach to address this issue is to endow deep neural networks with the ability to detect OOD samples. Several benchmarks have been proposed to design and validate OOD detection techniques. However, many of them are based on far-OOD samples drawn from very different distributions, and thus lack the complexity needed to capture the nuances of real-world scenarios. In this work, we introduce a comprehensive benchmark for OOD detection, based on ImageNet and Places365, that assigns individual classes as in-distribution or out-of-distribution depending on the semantic similarity with the training set. Several techniques can be used to determine which classes should be considered in-distribution, yielding benchmarks with varying properties. Experimental results on different OOD detection techniques show how their measured efficacy depends on the selected benchmark and how confidence-based techniques may outperform classifier-based ones on near-OOD samples.

Estimating the joint effect of a multivariate, continuous exposure is crucial, particularly in environmental health where interest lies in simultaneously evaluating the impact of multiple environmental pollutants on health. We develop novel methodology that addresses two key issues for estimation of treatment effects of multivariate, continuous exposures. We use nonparametric Bayesian methodology that is flexible to ensure our approach can capture a wide range of data generating processes. Additionally, we allow the effect of the exposures to be heterogeneous with respect to covariates. Treatment effect heterogeneity has not been well explored in the causal inference literature for multivariate, continuous exposures, and therefore we introduce novel estimands that summarize the nature and extent of the heterogeneity, and propose estimation procedures for new estimands related to treatment effect heterogeneity. We provide theoretical support for the proposed models in the form of posterior contraction rates and show that it works well in simulated examples both with and without heterogeneity. We apply our approach to a study of the health effects of simultaneous exposure to the components of PM$_{2.5}$ and find that the negative health effects of exposure to these environmental pollutants is exacerbated by low socioeconomic status and age.

Learning the skill of human bimanual grasping can extend the capabilities of robotic systems when grasping large or heavy objects. However, it requires a much larger search space for grasp points than single-hand grasping and numerous bimanual grasping annotations for network learning, making both data-driven or analytical grasping methods inefficient and insufficient. We propose a framework for bimanual grasp saliency learning that aims to predict the contact points for bimanual grasping based on existing human single-handed grasping data. We learn saliency corresponding vectors through minimal bimanual contact annotations that establishes correspondences between grasp positions of both hands, capable of eliminating the need for training a large-scale bimanual grasp dataset. The existing single-handed grasp saliency value serves as the initial value for bimanual grasp saliency, and we learn a saliency adjusted score that adds the initial value to obtain the final bimanual grasp saliency value, capable of predicting preferred bimanual grasp positions from single-handed grasp saliency. We also introduce a physics-balance loss function and a physics-aware refinement module that enables physical grasp balance, capable of enhancing the generalization of unknown objects. Comprehensive experiments in simulation and comparisons on dexterous grippers have demonstrated that our method can achieve balanced bimanual grasping effectively.

Identifying outlier behavior among sensors and subsystems is essential for discovering faults and facilitating diagnostics in large systems. At the same time, exploring large systems with numerous multivariate data sets is challenging. This study presents a lightweight interconnection and divergence discovery mechanism (LIDD) to identify abnormal behavior in multi-system environments. The approach employs a multivariate analysis technique that first estimates the similarity heatmaps among the sensors for each system and then applies information retrieval algorithms to provide relevant multi-level interconnection and discrepancy details. Our experiment on the readout systems of the Hadron Calorimeter of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method. Our approach clusters readout systems and their sensors consistent with the expected calorimeter interconnection configurations, while capturing unusual behavior in divergent clusters and estimating their root causes.

Ultrasound (US) imaging is widely used in diagnosing and staging abdominal diseases due to its lack of non-ionizing radiation and prevalent availability. However, significant inter-operator variability and inconsistent image acquisition hinder the widespread adoption of extensive screening programs. Robotic ultrasound systems have emerged as a promising solution, offering standardized acquisition protocols and the possibility of automated acquisition. Additionally, these systems enable access to 3D data via robotic tracking, enhancing volumetric reconstruction for improved ultrasound interpretation and precise disease diagnosis. However, the interpretability of 3D US reconstruction of abdominal images can be affected by the patient's breathing motion. This study introduces a method to compensate for breathing motion in 3D US compounding by leveraging implicit neural representations. Our approach employs a robotic ultrasound system for automated screenings. To demonstrate the method's effectiveness, we evaluate our proposed method for the diagnosis and monitoring of abdominal aorta aneurysms as a representative use case. Our experiments demonstrate that our proposed pipeline facilitates robust automated robotic acquisition, mitigating artifacts from breathing motion, and yields smoother 3D reconstructions for enhanced screening and medical diagnosis.

The increasing prevalence of stress-related eating behaviors and their impact on overall health highlights the importance of effective and ubiquitous monitoring systems. In this paper, we present MeciFace, an innovative wearable technology designed to monitor facial expressions and eating activities in real-time on-the-edge (RTE). MeciFace aims to provide a low-power, privacy-conscious, and highly accurate tool for promoting healthy eating behaviors and stress management. We employ lightweight convolutional neural networks as backbone models for facial expression and eating monitoring scenarios. The MeciFace system ensures efficient data processing with a tiny memory footprint, ranging from 11KB to 19 KB. During RTE evaluation, the system achieves an F1-score of < 86% for facial expression recognition and 94% for eating/drinking monitoring, for the RTE of unseen users (user-independent case).

The analysis of vision-based deep neural networks (DNNs) is highly desirable but it is very challenging due to the difficulty of expressing formal specifications for vision tasks and the lack of efficient verification procedures. In this paper, we propose to leverage emerging multimodal, vision-language, foundation models (VLMs) as a lens through which we can reason about vision models. VLMs have been trained on a large body of images accompanied by their textual description, and are thus implicitly aware of high-level, human-understandable concepts describing the images. We describe a logical specification language $\texttt{Con}_{\texttt{spec}}$ designed to facilitate writing specifications in terms of these concepts. To define and formally check $\texttt{Con}_{\texttt{spec}}$ specifications, we build a map between the internal representations of a given vision model and a VLM, leading to an efficient verification procedure of natural-language properties for vision models. We demonstrate our techniques on a ResNet-based classifier trained on the RIVAL-10 dataset using CLIP as the multimodal model.