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Successful software projects depend on the quality of software requirements. Creating high-quality requirements is a crucial step toward successful software development. Effective support in this area can significantly reduce development costs and enhance the software quality. In this paper, we introduce and assess the capabilities of a Large Language Model (LLM) to evaluate the quality characteristics of software requirements according to the ISO 29148 standard. We aim to further improve the support of stakeholders engaged in requirements engineering (RE). We show how an LLM can assess requirements, explain its decision-making process, and examine its capacity to propose improved versions of requirements. We conduct a study with software engineers to validate our approach. Our findings emphasize the potential of LLMs for improving the quality of software requirements.

Technical Debt (TD) identification in software projects issues is crucial for maintaining code quality, reducing long-term maintenance costs, and improving overall project health. This study advances TD classification using transformer-based models, addressing the critical need for accurate and efficient TD identification in large-scale software development. Our methodology employs multiple binary classifiers for TD and its type, combined through ensemble learning, to enhance accuracy and robustness in detecting various forms of TD. We train and evaluate these models on a comprehensive dataset from GitHub Archive Issues (2015-2024), supplemented with industrial data validation. We demonstrate that in-project fine-tuned transformer models significantly outperform task-specific fine-tuned models in TD classification, highlighting the importance of project-specific context in accurate TD identification. Our research also reveals the superiority of specialized binary classifiers over multi-class models for TD and its type identification, enabling more targeted debt resolution strategies. A comparative analysis shows that the smaller DistilRoBERTa model is more effective than larger language models like GPTs for TD classification tasks, especially after fine-tuning, offering insights into efficient model selection for specific TD detection tasks. The study also assesses generalization capabilities using metrics such as MCC, AUC ROC, Recall, and F1 score, focusing on model effectiveness, fine-tuning impact, and relative performance. By validating our approach on out-of-distribution and real-world industrial datasets, we ensure practical applicability, addressing the diverse nature of software projects.

During software development, developers often make numerous modifications to the software to address existing issues or implement new features. However, certain changes may inadvertently have a detrimental impact on the overall system performance. To ensure that the performance of new software releases does not degrade, existing practices rely on system-level performance testing, such as load testing, or component-level performance testing to detect performance regressions. However, performance testing for the entire system is often expensive and time-consuming, posing challenges to adapting to the rapid release cycles common in modern DevOps practices. System-level performance testing cannot be conducted until the system is fully built and deployed. On the other hand, component-level testing focuses on isolated components, neglecting overall system performance and the impact of system workloads. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to early detection of performance regressions by bridging the local performance data generated by component-level testing and the system-level architectural models. Our approach uses local performance data to identify deviations at the component level, and then propagate these deviations to the architectural model. We then use the architectural model to predict regressions in the performance of the overall system. We evaluate our approach on two open-source benchmark systems and show that it can effectively detect end-to-end system performance regressions from local performance deviations with different intensities and under various system workloads. More importantly, our approach can detect regressions as early as in the development phase, in contrast to existing approaches that require the system to be fully built and deployed. Our approach is lightweight and can complement traditional system performance testing when testing resources are scarce.

The rise of machine learning (ML) and its embedding in systems has drastically changed the engineering of software-intensive systems. Traditionally, software engineering focuses on manually created artifacts such as source code and the process of creating them, as well as best practices for integrating them, i.e., software architectures. In contrast, the development of ML artifacts, i.e. ML models, comes from data science and focuses on the ML models and their training data. However, to deliver value to end users, these ML models must be embedded in traditional software, often forming complex topologies. In fact, ML-enabled software can easily incorporate many different ML models. While the challenges and practices of building ML-enabled systems have been studied to some extent, beyond isolated examples, little is known about the characteristics of real-world ML-enabled systems. Properly embedding ML models in systems so that they can be easily maintained or reused is far from trivial. We need to improve our empirical understanding of such systems, which we address by presenting the first large-scale study of real ML-enabled software systems, covering over 2,928 open source systems on GitHub. We classified and analyzed them to determine their characteristics, as well as their practices for reusing ML models and related code, and the architecture of these systems. Our findings provide practitioners and researchers with insight into practices for embedding and integrating ML models, bringing data science and software engineering closer together.

Software documentation supports a broad set of software maintenance tasks; however, creating and maintaining high-quality, multi-level software documentation can be incredibly time-consuming and therefore many code bases suffer from a lack of adequate documentation. We address this problem through presenting HGEN, a fully automated pipeline that leverages LLMs to transform source code through a series of six stages into a well-organized hierarchy of formatted documents. We evaluate HGEN both quantitatively and qualitatively. First, we use it to generate documentation for three diverse projects, and engage key developers in comparing the quality of the generated documentation against their own previously produced manually-crafted documentation. We then pilot HGEN in nine different industrial projects using diverse datasets provided by each project. We collect feedback from project stakeholders, and analyze it using an inductive approach to identify recurring themes. Results show that HGEN produces artifact hierarchies similar in quality to manually constructed documentation, with much higher coverage of the core concepts than the baseline approach. Stakeholder feedback highlights HGEN's commercial impact potential as a tool for accelerating code comprehension and maintenance tasks. Results and associated supplemental materials can be found at //zenodo.org/records/11403244

With the escalating prevalence of malicious activities exploiting vulnerabilities in blockchain systems, there is an urgent requirement for robust attack detection mechanisms. To address this challenge, this paper presents a novel collaborative learning framework designed to detect attacks in blockchain transactions and smart contracts by analyzing transaction features. Our framework exhibits the capability to classify various types of blockchain attacks, including intricate attacks at the machine code level (e.g., injecting malicious codes to withdraw coins from users unlawfully), which typically necessitate significant time and security expertise to detect. To achieve that, the proposed framework incorporates a unique tool that transforms transaction features into visual representations, facilitating efficient analysis and classification of low-level machine codes. Furthermore, we propose an advanced collaborative learning model to enable real-time detection of diverse attack types at distributed mining nodes. Our model can efficiently detect attacks in smart contracts and transactions for blockchain systems without the need to gather all data from mining nodes into a centralized server. In order to evaluate the performance of our proposed framework, we deploy a pilot system based on a private Ethereum network and conduct multiple attack scenarios to generate a novel dataset. To the best of our knowledge, our dataset is the most comprehensive and diverse collection of transactions and smart contracts synthesized in a laboratory for cyberattack detection in blockchain systems. Our framework achieves a detection accuracy of approximately 94% through extensive simulations and 91% in real-time experiments with a throughput of over 2,150 transactions per second.

For software testing research, Defects4J stands out as the primary benchmark dataset, offering a controlled environment to study real bugs from prominent open-source systems. However, prior research indicates that Defects4J might include tests added post-bug report, embedding developer knowledge and affecting fault localization efficacy. In this paper, we examine Defects4J's fault-triggering tests, emphasizing the implications of developer knowledge of SBFL techniques. We study the timelines of changes made to these tests concerning bug report creation. Then, we study the effectiveness of SBFL techniques without developer knowledge in the tests. We found that 1) 55% of the fault-triggering tests were newly added to replicate the bug or to test for regression; 2) 22% of the fault-triggering tests were modified after the bug reports were created, containing developer knowledge of the bug; 3) developers often modify the tests to include new assertions or change the test code to reflect the changes in the source code; and 4) the performance of SBFL techniques degrades significantly (up to --415% for Mean First Rank) when evaluated on the bugs without developer knowledge. We provide a dataset of bugs without developer insights, aiding future SBFL evaluations in Defects4J and informing considerations for future bug benchmarks.

In the automotive industry, platform configuration and software integration are mostly manual tasks performed during the development phase, requiring consideration of various safety and non-safety requirements. This manual process often leads to prolonged development cycles and provides limited flexibility. This paper introduces a novel approach to automate platform configuration and software integration for software-defined vehicles (SDVs), shifting these activities from the development phase to runtime. Our approach features an integration manager that combines model-based methods and virtualization technologies to generate and execute deployment plans. By leveraging model-based systems engineering (MBSE), our method automatically generates platform configuration and software integration plans, which are then converted into deployment-ready formats using code generation techniques. Utilizing virtualization and container orchestration technologies, the proposed system enables dynamic and flexible resource allocation while ensuring compliance with safety requirements. Communication between the development and runtime platforms is facilitated via a REST API. A proof of concept was implemented on a simulated SDV platform with the Intel Whiskey Lake Board. This demonstration showcases the integration manager on an SDV with a central computer, highlighting the potential to shorten development cycles and adapt to diverse vehicle configurations.

The accelerated adoption of AI-based software demands precise development guidelines to guarantee reliability, scalability, and ethical compliance. MLOps (Machine Learning and Operations) guidelines have emerged as the principal reference in this field, paving the way for the development of high-level automated tools and applications. Despite the introduction of MLOps guidelines, there is still a degree of skepticism surrounding their implementation, with a gradual adoption rate across many companies. In certain instances, a lack of awareness about MLOps has resulted in organizations adopting similar approaches unintentionally, frequently without a comprehensive understanding of the associated best practices and principles. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the actual adoption of MLOps (or comparable) guidelines in different business contexts. To this end, we surveyed practitioners representing a range of business environments to understand how MLOps is adopted and perceived in their companies. The results of this survey also shed light on other pertinent aspects related to the advantages and challenges of these guidelines, the learning curve associated with them, and the future trends that can be derived from this information. This study aims to provide deeper insight into MLOps and its impact on the next phase of innovation in machine learning. By doing so, we aim to lay the foundation for more efficient, reliable, and creative AI applications in the future.